Las figuras mitológicas, incluidas las deidades ( anitos y diwatas), los héroes y otras figuras importantes del anitismo , varían entre los numerosos grupos étnicos de Filipinas. Cada grupo étnico tiene su propio panteón de deidades. Algunas deidades de grupos étnicos tienen nombres o asociaciones similares, pero siguen siendo distintas entre sí. [1] La diversidad de estas figuras importantes se exhibe en muchos casos, de los cuales un excelente ejemplo es el panteón ifugao , donde en un solo panteón, se calcula que solo las deidades suman al menos 1.500. Hay más de cien panteones distintos en Filipinas. [2]
Algunos grupos étnicos tienen panteones gobernados por una deidad suprema (o deidades), mientras que otros veneran a los espíritus ancestrales y/o a los espíritus del mundo natural, donde hay una deidad principal pero no consideran a ninguna deidad suprema entre sus divinidades. [3] Cada grupo étnico tiene su propio término general utilizado para referirse a todas las deidades o un subconjunto de deidades, de los cuales el término más extendido entre los grupos étnicos del país es anito . [4] El término en sí puede dividirse además en ninuno (espíritus ancestrales) y diwata (dioses, diosas y deidades), aunque en muchos casos, el significado de los términos difiere según su asociación étnica. [5] [6] [7]
Las siguientes figuras siguen existiendo y prevaleciendo entre la memoria colectiva y la cultura de los filipinos de hoy, especialmente entre los seguidores de las religiones nativas y sagradas filipinas, a pesar de siglos de persecución que comenzaron con la introducción del Islam no nativo y el cristianismo colonial que buscaba abolir todas las religiones nativas en el archipiélago a partir de fines del siglo XIV y se intensificó durante mediados del siglo XVI hasta fines del siglo XX. Este contacto entre las religiones nativas y extranjeras acumuló más tarde más historias, que también se convirtieron en parte de ambas religiones, con algunas modificaciones. Las figuras de deidades, espíritus y héroes continúan considerándose importantes y existentes entre las religiones nativas y la cultura filipina en general. Estas percepciones de la existencia de dioses, diosas, deidades y espíritus en las religiones sagradas nativas filipinas son las mismas que la forma en que los cristianos perciben la existencia de su Dios y la misma forma en que los musulmanes perciben la existencia de su Alá. [8] [9] [10] Hubo propuestas para revitalizar las religiones populares indígenas filipinas y convertirlas en la religión nacional del país durante la Primera República Filipina , pero la propuesta no prosperó, ya que el foco en ese momento era la guerra contra los colonizadores españoles y, más tarde, estadounidenses . [11]
Ivatán
Inmortales
Mayo: el ser supremo; [12] [13] se le ofrecen rituales especialmente durante la temporada de pesca [14] [15]
Mayo: un héroe pescador que introdujo los yuyus utilizados para atrapar peces voladores llamados dibang, que a su vez se utilizan para atrapar al pez de verano arayu [13]
El Dador: la entidad que provee todas las cosas; las almas de la clase alta viajan a la morada de los seres en el cielo y se convierten en estrellas [13]
Añitu: se refiere a las almas de los muertos, espíritus de lugares e invisibles errantes no identificados ni atados a ningún lugar o cosa en particular [15]
Añitu entre Chavidug y Chavayan: espíritu del lugar Añitus que, según se informó, creó sonidos cuando se creó el desfiladero entre Chavidug y Chavayan mediante explosiones de dinamita; se cree que cambiaron de residencia después de la construcción del pasaje [15]
Rirryaw Añitu: espíritu del lugar Añitus que tocaba música y cantaba dentro de una cueva en Sabtang, mientras encendía fuego; se cree que cambió de residencia después de que un hombre los molestara [15]
ji Rahet Añitu: un espíritu sonriente del lugar, Añitu, que vivía en un árbol viejo; un hombre cortó más tarde el árbol y encontró una olla de barro que se cree que era propiedad del Añitu [15]
Nuvwan Añitu: espíritu del buen lugar Añitus que salvó a una mujer de un árbol que caía; se les ofrecen rituales a través de los vivyayin [15]
ji P'Supwan Añitu: espíritu del buen lugar Añitus que se hicieron amigos y aliados de una mujer mortal llamada Carmen Acido; a veces tomando la forma de perros, la ayudaron y la guiaron en muchas de sus tareas hasta su muerte por vejez; a pesar de su amabilidad hacia Carmen, la mayoría de la gente evitaba la granja donde vivían [15]
Mayavusay Añitu: espíritu del lugar Añitus que vive en una parcela de tierra en Mayavusay; a veces toma la forma de lechones y puede devolver partes de vegetación cortada a la vegetación madre [15]
Añitu que habita en túmulos: espíritu del lugar Añitus que vivía en túmulos y maldijo a un hombre que destruyó su hogar; apareciendo como humanos, el chamán Balaw conversó con ellos para corregir el daño que el hombre había hecho contra su hogar [15]
Mayuray Añitu: un Añitu errante que se expandió y se llenó de oscuridad; encontrado por un niño a quien el espíritu no dañó; conocido como un kapri, Añitus que camina y crece tan alto como la altura de sus alrededores [15]
Dayanak Añitu: un tipo de Añitu muy pequeño con ojos rojos y adornos de oro; aceptar sus adornos de oro causará desgracia [15]
Mortales
Benita: una mujer mortal que fue visitada por su difunto esposo en forma de Añitu, lo que llevó a la devolución de tres parcelas de tierra a su legítimo dueño; en otra historia, fue visitada por su ahijada fallecida, lo que dio lugar a rituales adecuados que apaciguaron el alma de su ahijada [15]
María: una mujer mortal que fue visitada por el silencioso Añitu del pariente de su esposo; el espíritu fue luego apaciguado a través de oraciones [15]
Juanito: un hombre mortal que fue visitado en sueños por el Añitu de su difunto padre, lo que lo llevó a ceder y darle más parte de la herencia familiar a su media hermana, Maring [15]
Esposa de Leoncio Cabading: fue visitada por el Añitu de su difunto esposo, quien le dijo que dejara de rezar porque de nada serviría ya que había muerto en un violento derrumbe; el espíritu le ofreció unirse a él, a lo que ella rechazó [15]
Carmen Acido: una mujer mortal que se hizo amiga y aliada de los Añitu de ji P'Supwan; vivió más de 80 años [15]
Balaw: un curandero y chamán que se comunicaba y controlaba a ciertos Añitus [15]
María Barios: una mujer cuya canasta trasera era montada por un Añitu errante, a quien ella cargó hasta que llegó al centro del pueblo [15]
Juan Galarion: un hombre que vio un Añitu gigante errante, tan grande como la iglesia de Mahataw; creyó que era un kapri [15]
Tita: una niña que fue raptada y luego devuelta por Añitus errante; mientras era cargada por el Añitus, ella menstruó, lo que hizo que el Añitus huyera; el sitio donde aterrizó se conoce como Ranum ñi Tita [15]
Isneg (Apayao)
Inmortales
Espíritus principales: pueden tomar la forma de seres humanos, antiguos mortales que se mezclan con los vivos y residen en lugares de baño [16]
Anlabban: vela por el bienestar general del pueblo; protector especial de los cazadores [16]
Bago: el espíritu del bosque [16]
Sirinan: el espíritu del río [16]
Landusan: responsable de algunos casos de extrema pobreza; como todos los espíritus malignos, Landusan también puede ser contrarrestado por el raro amuleto herbáceo tagarut [16]
Espíritus de la cosecha útiles
Abad [16]
Aglalannawan [16]
Anatomía [16]
Binusilán [16]
Dawiliyan [16]
Descatalogado [16]
Dumingi [16]
Imbanon [16]
Gimbanonán [16]
Ginalinan [16]
Sibo [16]
llanit: un grupo de habitantes del cielo [16]
Espíritus que dañan la cosecha
Alupundan: hace que los dedos de los pies de los segadores se lastimen por todas partes y se hinchen [16]
Arurin: deidad que se encarga de que la cosecha sea mala si los agricultores no le ofrecen una parte de la cosecha [16]
Dagdagamiyan: un espíritu femenino que causa enfermedades en los niños por jugar en lugares donde se realiza la cosecha [16]
Darupaypay: devora el palay almacenado en la choza antes de transferirlo al granero [16]
Ginuudan: viene a medir los recipientes de palay y hace que disminuyan [16]
Sildado: se parece a un caballo y mata a los niños que juegan ruidosamente fuera de la casa [16]
Inargay: mata gente durante la época de la cosecha; el ritual inapugan se ofrece a la deidad para apaciguarla y no para matar a nadie [16]
Alipugpug: espíritu del pequeño torbellino del campo quemado, que presagia una buena cosecha [17]
Pilay: espíritu del arroz, que reside en el paga, un estante encima del hogar; el ritual pisi se ofrece a la deidad para garantizar que los niños no pasen hambre [16]
Hombre sin nombre: sostuvo el mundo en sus manos; produjo una chispa usando un pedernal y un acero, causando Sal-it (relámpago); en contraste, Addug (trueno) es el agua rugiendo en el cielo [18]
Mortales
El hombre que provocó el ataque de los pájaros: un hombre que fue ayudado por los pájaros, al darle semillas que debía plantar y compartir con otros pájaros; renegó de su promesa, lo que dio lugar a los ataques interminables de los pájaros a las semillas plantadas por la humanidad [18]
El hombre que odia las moscas: un hombre cuya vaca fue asesinada por una mosca, lo que resultó en una ley que permitía matar moscas [19]
Tinguiano (Itneg)
Inmortales
La Tríada: tres deidades muy poderosas, cuyos rangos difieren según la localidad de Itneg; existen tres relatos, uno es que las tres son formas de una sola deidad, el segundo es que las tres son distintas mientras que una de ellas es suprema, y el tercero es que las tres son distintas y cada una posee el mismo rango como deidades supremas [20]
Kadaklan: la deidad suprema y la más poderosa en muchos relatos; creó el sol, la luna, las estrellas y la tierra; se casó con Agemem, una vez mortal; [20] segunda en rango en un relato; enseñó a la gente a orar, a cosechar sus cultivos, a alejar a los malos espíritus, a superar los malos augurios y curar enfermedades [21]
Bagatulayan: la deidad suprema que dirige las actividades del mundo, gobernando el universo mientras observa desde la tierra; proporcionó las leyes en las que se basa el orden; [20] también conocido como el Gran Anito [22]
Kabuniyan: la deidad suprema que es la más amada y reverenciada entre las deidades primarias; representado como un dios amistoso y amoroso con una lanza y un hacha en la cabeza; descendió a la tierra como lo ordenó la deidad Kadaklan; enseñó a la gente la agricultura, la vida ritual y muchas otras cosas; se casó con el otrora mortal Ginnalingan; se cree que a veces camina entre los mortales como un gigante [20]
Agemem: un mortal que fue deificado al casarse con la deidad Kadaklan; juntos tuvieron dos hijos [20]
Ginnalingan: una mortal que fue deificada al casarse con la deidad Kabuniyan; se cree que nació en la actual aldea de Makudkura, aunque varias aldeas lo niegan; junto con su esposo, enseñó a la gente cómo defenderse de los espíritus malignos [20]
Ina nga Daga: la madre tierra y personificación de la tierra; sostiene la aldea, centro de la visión cosmológica, ríos, manantiales, campos, colinas, montañas, bosques, árboles, plantas, pájaros y todo lo que ayuda a los humanos en la vida [20]
Anito: término que engloba tanto a los espíritus del mundo natural y espiritual como a los espíritus de los muertos [20]
Gomayen: madre de Mabaca, Binongan y Adasin [22]
Mabaca: una de los tres fundadores de los tres antiguos clanes de los Tinguian; hija de Gomayen y la deidad suprema [22]
Binongan: una de los tres fundadores de los tres antiguos clanes de Tinguian; hija de Gomayen y la deidad suprema [22]
Adasin: una de los tres fundadores de los tres antiguos clanes de Tinguian; hija de Gomayen y la deidad suprema [22]
Emlang: sirviente de la deidad suprema [22]
Espíritus del santuario [20]
Apadel (Kalagang): también llamado Apdel; [20] deidad guardiana y morador de las piedras espirituales llamadas pinaing [23]
Pinpina-ing: espíritus que residen en santuarios para algunas comunidades, mientras que otras comunidades usan el término para los espíritus de los bosques [20]
Labon: espíritus del santuario de Dulaw; el término significa abundancia [20]
Gimbangonan: un espíritu venerado en los santuarios de Mataragan; uno de los nombres de la esposa de Kabuniyan [20]
Imagtanongan: un espíritu masculino servicial [20]
Ibabakudan: un espíritu femenino protector [20]
Ibibilian: un espíritu femenino que protege contra las incursiones enemigas [20]
Deidades astrales: buenos espíritus creados por el dios Kadaklan [20]
Apo Init: también llamado Sinag, la deidad del sol; [20] también conocido como Init-init, está casado con la mortal Aponibolinayen; durante el día, sale de su casa para iluminar el mundo [24]
Apo Bulan: la deidad de la luna [20]
Apo Bitbitwen: la deidad de las estrellas [20]
Deidades de los fenómenos atmosféricos [20]
Angin: deidad del viento [20]
Bayon: deidad de la brisa [20]
Kidol: también llamado Kido-ol, deidad del trueno [20]
Kimat: también llamado Salit, deidad del relámpago del cielo [20]
Kilawit: deidad del rayo de la tierra [20]
Degges: también llamado Udan, deidad de la lluvia [20]
Otras deidades que presiden el arco iris, las nubes, etc. [20]
Gaygayoma: la diosa estelar que bajó una canasta del cielo para buscar al mortal Aponitolau, con quien se casó [24]
Bagbagak: padre de Gaygayoma [24]
Sinang: madre de Gaygayoma [24]
Takyayen: el hijo de Gaygayoma y Aponitolaul surgió entre los dos últimos dedos de Gaygayoma después de que ella le pidió a Aponitolau que lo pinchara allí [24]
Makaboteng: el dios y guardián de los ciervos y los jabalíes [8]
Idadanum: espíritus de los ríos que a veces aparecen como sirenas intentando arrebatar a la gente [20]
Inawen: espíritus del mar [20]
Ibabantay: espíritus de la montaña [20]
Idatag: espíritu de las llanuras [20]
Kaiba-an: espíritus de los campos de arroz a quienes se les ofrecen depósitos en cestas de bambú llamadas atang en las tierras bajas y sallukong en las tierras altas [20]
Sabi-an: señor de los perros de caza [20]
Sannadan: señor de los ciervos y cerdos salvajes; también conocido específicamente como Pitulok en las comunidades de Bawyan; disfruta escuchando el sonido del instrumento musical de boca, llamado tabankaw, olvidándose de proteger a los ciervos y cerdos en el proceso [20]
Selday: roba los cuerpos de los muertos [20]
Akup: abraza a las viudas en duelo [20]
Kumaw: espera que los niños sean “sacrificados” en la construcción, especialmente para los puentes [20]
Alan: un cambiaformas cuya verdadera apariencia es la de un gigante de diez cabezas que siempre está presente en los funerales, intentando arrebatar los cadáveres [20]
Ibuwa: seres del cementerio que intentan robar cadáveres; enemigos de la humanidad que son repelidos con hierro [20]
Idadaya: gobernante de las regiones de aguas arriba; tiene diez nietos que personifican las cuencas hidrográficas [20]
Inginlaud: señor de las regiones de aguas abajo [20]
Mortales
Aponibolinayen: esposa mortal del dios del sol, Init-init [24]
Aponitolau: mortal que fue buscado por la diosa estelar Gaygayoma, a pesar de que ya estaba casado [24]
Kalinga
Inmortales
Kabunyan: la deidad suprema; [25] también llamada Kadaklan (el Más Grande), que aleja a los malos espíritus, haciendo que el suelo sea adecuado para buenas cosechas . [26]
KiDul: el dios del trueno [3] [26]
KiLat: el dios del rayo [26]
DumaNig: un demonio que posee la luna (Bolan) y hace que devore a su marido, el sol (Ageo) [26]
NamBisayunan: el aullido o chillido que se escucha durante una tormenta [26]
Libo-o d Ngatu: las nubes del mundo celestial que causan enfermedades [26]
Maman: seres derivados de una segunda muerte de las almas en el más allá; son perceptibles en la luz roja, como en un día lluvioso cerca del atardecer; pueden causar enfermedades [26]
Bungun: el dios del arcoíris [26]
Mamlindao: espíritus de la caza [26]
Bulaiyao: viven en grandes rocas, aguas termales y volcanes; tienen una apariencia ardiente que pueden encender o apagar; capturan o devoran almas [26]
Gulilingob ud Tangob: el más fuerte de todos los bulaiyao [26]
Dumabag: el dios del volcán de Balatok [26]
Lumawig: el dios local del distrito Mangali-Lubo-Tinglaiyan [26]
Angako d Ngato: demonios que afligen con enfermedades [26]
Angtan: diosas o demonios que deprimen a los hombres, traen preocupación y mala suerte [26]
ALan: espíritus caníbales o necrófagos que aparecen ampliamente en mitos y cuentos populares como portadores o devoradores de almas y como productores de muchos tipos de transformaciones en los hombres y en ellos mismos [26]
Anitu: las almas de los muertos [26]
Pinading: almas extraordinarias de los muertos que han alcanzado un poder y una existencia superiores [26]
Gittam: un gigante que se estableció en el reino llamado Daya después de matar a muchos humanos; vive en una isla en un gran lago [25]
Pitón de Gittam: protege el hábitat de Gittam; se tragó a un niño, que fue rescatado por un héroe al matar a la pitón gigante [25]
Iyu: criaturas acuáticas que nadan en los lagos de Lagud; representadas como una ballena, una anguila, un dragón o, en algunos casos, una pitón también llamada Málaga [25]
Ibanag, Itawis, Malawi
Inmortales
Makapangwa: el ser supremo que también es conocido como Yafu; [27] una deidad protectora que también es llamada Namaratu (el creador) [28]
Vulan: la reina de la noche serena; [27] en otra versión, también se la conoce como Luna, la diosa lunar que se enamoró del dios Mar [29]
Mar: hijo del dios del mar, que fue encarcelado por su padre por enamorarse de la diosa de la luna Luna [30]
Dios del Sol: padre de la Luna; [31] también se refiere a Bilag [27]
Dios del mar: padre de la deidad Mar [32]
Aran: Pequeños seres parecidos a los humanos que residen en árboles, hormigueros, espacios oscuros y no son ni malos ni buenos. [27]
Aggirigira: Seres invisibles que causan males, enfermedades y desgracias [27]
Anitu: Espíritus ancestrales [27]
Biuag: un héroe cultural deificado que poseía un amuleto de encaje dorado [33] [28]
Malana: un héroe cultural deificado que poseía un amuleto de hacha de oro [33] [28]
Carango/Carangat: espíritus o seres sobrenaturales que nunca han sido humanos [34]
Gad'dang, Gaddang, Yogad
Inmortales
Nanolay: creador de todas las cosas; héroe cultural y deidad benéfica; nunca inflige dolor ni castigo a la gente; responsable del origen y desarrollo del mundo [35]
Ofag: primo de Nanolay; personificación del mal [35]
Talanganay: un espíritu divino masculino; entra en el cuerpo de un curandero y da instrucciones sobre cómo curar a los enfermos mientras están en trance [35]
Menalam: un espíritu-diosa femenino; entra en el cuerpo de un sanador y da instrucciones sobre cómo curar a los enfermos mientras están en trance [35]
Bunag: dios de la tierra [36]
Limat: dios del mar [36]
Carangat: espíritus o seres sobrenaturales que nunca han sido humanos; viven como humanos, pero en un sentido espiritual, vistiéndose con el 'alma' de la ropa, comiendo el 'alma' de la comida, etc.; también creen en ellos los Itaves (Itawes) y Yogad, así como los Ibanag que los llaman carango, mientras que los Ifugao los llaman kalangat; causan varios tipos de enfermedades, excepto enfermedades estomacales; son los dueños de la tierra y, por lo tanto, los humanos nunca deben violar sus derechos; tienen cuatro líderes principales, a saber: [34]
Dumadaga: rey de los Carangat; conocido como 'el Aumentador'; casado con Siloit y Alucasianan [34]
Siloit: llamada 'la Silbadora' porque emite un silbido cuando es invitada por los chamanes [34]
Adayag: conocido como 'el tambaleante' debido a su peculiar forma de andar; un ministro de Dumadaga [34]
Alucasianan: un espíritu femenino de entrañas estrechas [34]
Deidades Fantasmas: todos los espíritus de los hombres y mujeres maingal que han ido al más allá, llegando a la región río abajo llamada Dilod; son los defensores de las costumbres y conservan su inmensa fuerza incluso como fantasmas; aunque los Calangat son enemigos de la mayoría de los humanos vivos, las Deidades Fantasmas los consideran amigos, lo que a su vez puede beneficiar a los descendientes vivos de las Deidades Fantasmas maingal; algunas Deidades Fantasmas incluyen: [34]
Aggabau: el líder de todas las Deidades Fantasmales y conocido como el 'Mirador desde Arriba'; fue el primer hombre y fue llamado Guiladan cuando todavía era humano; se dice que ahora vive en So Lutap na Dulam (un lugar en medio de las nubes); invocado solo en casos de extrema necesidad [34]
Dauirauin: la Deidad Fantasma a la que le gusta vagar por ahí; su morada está en la cima de la montaña [34]
Ambatali: conocido como 'el Metamórfico', ya que le encanta tomar la apariencia de animales o de un humano de piel negra o roja; también conocido como Amalibali, que significa el cambiante; también se le llama Macanuang cuando está bajo su forma de búfalo de agua; vive en las nubes [34]
Carinuan: esposa de Aggabau; la más brillante, más ligera, más transparente y sutil de las Deidades Fantasmales, comparable al viento [34]
Gatán [34]
Lumanindag [34]
Caralau na Pinatay: almas de los difuntos no maingal [34]
Biuag: un héroe cultural deificado; aliado de Malana [36]
Malana: una heroína cultural deificada; aliado de Biuag [36]
Mortales
Magat: un héroe cultural [36]
Battalan: un héroe cultural [36]
Bayun: un héroe cultural [36]
Biuag de Cabagan: un maingal que una vez viajó a Manila y poseía una fuerza inmensa [34]
Lacay Enrique: un maingal de Bagabag que poseía una fuerza inmensa [34]
Bontok
Inmortales
Intutungcho (Kabunian): la deidad suprema que vive arriba; [37] también conocido como Kabunian; [38] padre de Lumawig y otros dos hijos [39]
Lumawig: también conocido como la deidad suprema y el segundo hijo de Kabunian; un héroe épico que enseñó a los Bontoc sus cinco valores fundamentales para una sociedad igualitaria [39]
Primer hijo de Kabunian [39]
Tercer hijo de Kabunian [39]
Chal-chal: el dios del sol a cuyo hijo Kabigat le cortó la cabeza; [40] ayudó al dios Lumawig a encontrar una esposa.
Kabigat: la diosa de la luna que cortó la cabeza del hijo de Chal-chal; su acción es el origen de la caza de cabezas [40]
Hijo de Chal-chal: su cabeza fue cortada por Kabigat; revivido por Chal-chal, quien no guarda rencor contra Kabigat [40]
Ob-Obanan: una deidad cuyo cabello blanco está habitado por insectos, hormigas, ciempiés y todas las alimañas que molestan a la humanidad; castigó a un hombre por su rudeza dándole una canasta llena de todos los insectos y reptiles del mundo [41]
Chacha': el dios de los guerreros [42]
Ked-Yem: el dios de los herreros que cortó las cabezas de los dos hijos de Chacha' porque estaban destruyendo su trabajo; más tarde fue desafiado por Chacha', lo que eventualmente condujo a un pacto pechen para detener la lucha [42]
Dos hijos de Chacha': decapitados por Ked-Yem, porque estaban destruyendo su obra [42]
Mortales
Fucan: la más joven de las dos muchachas que Lumawig conoció en Lanao; se casó con Lumawig; más tarde adoptó el nombre de Cayapon; murió después de bailar de una manera tabú, lo que llevó a que la muerte fuera la norma entre los mortales [39]
Dos hijos de Cayapon: los dos hijos de Lumawig y Fucan; ayudaron a la gente de Caneo, quienes luego fueron asesinados por los dos hermanos [39]
Batanga: padre de las dos niñas que conoció Lumawig en Lanao [39]
Ifugao
Inmortales
Kabunian: deidad suprema y jefe entre las deidades de alto rango por encima del mundo celestial; [1] también conocido como Mah-nongan, dios principal generalmente referido como el muerto honorario y creador de todas las cosas; [3] en comunidades específicas, tanto los nombres Mah-nongan como Kabunian (también Afunijon) se entienden como el nombre de una deidad principal, mientras que en otras, se usan para referirse a muchas deidades [43]
Afunijon: también un término general referido a las deidades del cielo, que también se llama Afunijon [43]
Mah-nongan: también un término general para las deidades a las que se les ofrecen sacrificios de animales [43]
Ampual: el dios del cuarto mundo celestial que otorgó animales y plantas a la gente; controla el trasplante de arroz [3]
Bumingi: encargado de los gusanos, uno de los once seres a los que se les pide que erradiquen las plagas del arroz [3]
Liddum: la única deidad que habita el reino llamado Kabunian; se comunica directamente con los humanos en la Tierra; [38] mediador principal entre el pueblo y otros dioses [3]
Lumadab: tiene el poder de secar las hojas del arroz, uno de los once seres a los que se les pide que erradiquen las plagas del arroz [3]
Mamiyo: la que estira las madejas, una de las veintitrés deidades que presiden el arte de tejer [3]
Monlolot: el enrollador de hilo en el huso, una de las veintitrés deidades que presiden el arte de tejer [3]
Puwok: controla los terribles tifones [3]
Yogyog: causante de terremotos; habita en el inframundo [3]
Alyog: causante de terremotos; habita en el inframundo [3]
Kolyog: el dios de los terremotos [3]
Makalun: espíritus que cumplen la función de mensajeros de los dioses [1]
Namtogan: el dios parapléjico de la buena fortuna cuya presencia hizo que las cosechas de arroz y el ganado de la comunidad fueran abundantes; cuando los humanos con los que se hospedaba en Ahin comenzaron a descuidar los bulul , se fue, lo que provocó una maldición de desgracias; la gente lo persuadió de regresar, a lo que respondió enseñándoles a la gente cómo crear bululs y cómo hacer los rituales para las estatuas, levantando efectivamente la maldición [44]
Bulol: divinidades domésticas que son las almas de los antepasados fallecidos; [1] generalmente representadas como estatuas de madera tallada almacenadas en el granero de arroz; las imágenes ancestrales protegen los cultivos, hacen que la cosecha de arroz sea abundante y protegen el arroz de las plagas y los ladrones y de ser consumido demasiado rápido [45]
Nabulul: esposa de Bugan; un dios que posee o vive en figuras de Bulul; protege el arroz y hace que la cosecha de arroz sea abundante [45]
Bugan: esposa de Nabulul; diosa que posee o vive en figuras de Bulul; protege el arroz y hace que la cosecha de arroz sea abundante [45]
Gatui: divinidades asociadas con bromas pesadas, pero que tienen un lado malévolo que se alimenta de almas y causa abortos [1]
Tagbayan: divinidades asociadas con la muerte que se alimentan de almas humanas que son custodiadas por monstruos de dos cabezas llamados kikilan [1]
Ibayan: también llamados Lingayan; divinidades que guían a las almas después de que mueren [1]
Himpugtan: una divinidad imbayana que puede acabar con aquellos que le desagradan [1]
Munduntug: divinidades de las montañas que hacen que los cazadores se pierdan [1]
Banig: espíritus de las laderas y cuevas; [1] entre los Mayayao, los Banig toman la forma de un animal que no daña a nadie, a pesar de que la gente tiene miedo de su manifestación [43]
Mun-apoh: espíritus ancestrales deificados que son guardianes y fuentes de bendiciones proporcionadas por los vivos; son respetados, sin embargo, sus bendiciones también podrían convertirse en una maldición [43]
Mahipnat: grandes espíritus de los lugares sagrados [1]
Bibao: espíritus de lugares cotidianos [1]
Halupi: divinidades del recuerdo [1]
Fili: divinidades de la propiedad [1]
Dadungut: divinidades que habitan en cementerios y tumbas [1]
Makiubaya: divinidades que vigilan las puertas del pueblo [1]
Espíritus de enfermedad
Libligayu [1]
Hibalote [1]
Binudbud: espíritus que se invocan durante las fiestas para calmar las pasiones de los hombres [1]
Kolkolibag: espíritus que provocan partos difíciles [1]
Indu: espíritus que hacen presagios [1]
Hidit: divinidades que dan castigos a quienes rompen los tabúes [1]
Puok: una especie de Hidit que utiliza los vientos para destruir las viviendas de los mineros que rompen tabúes [1]
Hipag: espíritus de guerra que dan coraje a los soldados en el campo de batalla pero son feroces y caníbales [1]
Llokesin: el dios de las ratas que figura en el mito del primer naranjo [1]
Bumabakal: la divinidad cadáver rechazada del mundo celestial; su cuerpo muerto reside en la cima del Monte Dukutan, donde sus fluidos corporales causan furúnculos [46]
Kabigat: el dios que envió un diluvio que inundó la tierra; casado con la diosa Bugan [38]
Bugan: una diosa casada con Kabigat; sus hijos son un hijo llamado Wigan y una hija también llamada Bugan [38]
Bugan: hija de Bugan y Kabigat; quedó varada en la tierra después del gran diluvio y se convirtió en uno de los dos antepasados de la humanidad [38]
Wigan: hijo de Bugan y Kabigat; varado en la tierra después del gran diluvio, y se convirtió en uno de los dos antepasados de la humanidad [38]
Wigan: el dios de la buena cosecha [3]
Dumagid: un dios que vivió entre la gente de Benguet; se casó con una mujer mortal llamada Dugai y tuvo un hijo llamado Ovug [38]
Ovug: hijo de Dumagid y Dugai; fue cortado por la mitad por su padre, donde una de sus mitades fue reanimada en el mundo celestial y la otra en la tierra; la voz de Ovug del mundo celestial es la fuente de los relámpagos y los truenos agudos, mientras que la voz de Ovug de la tierra es la fuente de los truenos bajos [38]
Bangan: el dios que acompañó a Dumagid en la recuperación de Ovug de la tierra [38]
Aninitud chalom: deidad del inframundo, cuya ira se manifiesta en un temblor repentino de la tierra [43]
Aninitud angachar: deidad del mundo celestial; causa relámpagos y truenos cuando no está satisfecho con las ofrendas [43]
Mapatar: la deidad solar del cielo encargada de la luz del día [43]
Bulan: la deidad lunar de la noche a cargo de la noche [43]
Mi'lalabi: las deidades de las estrellas y las constelaciones [43]
Pinacheng: un grupo o clase de deidades que suelen vivir en cuevas, piedras, arroyos, rocas y en todos los lugares; engañan y ocultan a la gente [43]
Fulor: una madera tallada en forma de una imagen de una persona muerta sentada en una silla de muerte; una antigüedad que tiene un espíritu en ella, que trae enfermedad, muerte y cosechas fallidas cuando no se ofrecen sacrificios [43]
Inamah: un plato de madera y un hogar de espíritus; destruirlo o venderlo pondrá a la familia en peligro [43]
Mortales
Dugai: la madre mortal del dios dividido Ovug; esposa del dios Dumagid [38]
Humidhid: el jefe de una aldea en la región río arriba de Daya que talló las primeras estatuas bulul del árbol embrujado o sobrenatural llamado Bongbong [45]
Chamán sin nombre: rezaba a las deidades, Nabulul y Bugan, para poseer o vivir en las estatuas bulul talladas por Humidhid [45]
Esposa de Namtogan: una mujer mortal con la que el dios Namtogan se casó cuando se quedó en la aldea de Ahin [44]
Kalanguya (Ikalahan)
Inmortales
Kabunyan: el creador todopoderoso; también conocido como Agmattebew, el espíritu que no podía ser visto; el ritual mabaki se lleva a cabo en honor a la deidad durante la siembra, la cosecha, el nacimiento y la muerte de las personas y otras actividades para el sustento [47] [48]
Bugan: un antepasado deificado que dio a su pueblo más de lo que le correspondía; cuando se ahogó en un lago, el pueblo realizó una acción colectiva llamada tinek para salvarla, lo que llevó a que el pueblo de Tinoc fuera nombrado como tal [49]
Balitok: el líder deificado de Kalanguya; era el marido de Bugan [50]
Nangketey: espíritus ancestrales a quienes Kabunyan les proporciona un lugar donde residir; reciben ofrendas como presagio [51]
Bibiyaw: espíritus de antepasados que murieron de una muerte terrible; viven en cuevas, grandes rocas y árboles grandes, y pueden causar enfermedades si no se los apacigua [52]
Kaapuan (general): antepasados [53]
Tinmongaw: espíritus que también pueden ser llamados Anito; residen dentro de los bosques [54]
Espíritus de la montaña: se los invoca durante eventos y fiestas locales para proteger a la comunidad y lograr cosechas abundantes [55]
Keleng [56]
Ibayo [57]
Baki [58]
Banig: un fantasma o espíritu [59]
Mortales
Dimmangaw: el antepasado que descubrió por primera vez la sal [60]
Kankanaey
Inmortales
Lumawig: la deidad suprema; creadora del universo y preservadora de la vida [1]
Bugan: casado con Lumawig [1]
Bangan: la diosa del romance; hija de Bugan y Lumawig [1]
Obban: la diosa de la reproducción; hija de Bugan y Lumawig [1]
Kabigat: una de las deidades que contactan con la humanidad a través de espíritus llamados anito y sus espíritus ancestrales [1]
Balitok: una de las deidades que contactan con la humanidad a través de espíritus llamados anito y sus espíritus ancestrales [1]
Wigan: una de las deidades que contactan con la humanidad a través de espíritus llamados anito y sus espíritus ancestrales [1]
Timugan: dos hermanos que tomaron sus sankah (palas de mano) y kayabang (cestas) y cavaron un hoyo en el mundo inferior, Aduongan; interrumpidos por la deidad Masaken; uno de los dos aceptó casarse con una de las hijas de Masaken, pero ambos regresaron a la tierra cuando descubrieron que la gente de Aduongan era caníbal [61]
Masaken: gobernante del inframundo que interrumpió a los hermanos Timugan [61]
Ibaloi
Inmortales
Kabunian: la deidad suprema y el origen del arroz; [62] Kabunian es también el término general para las deidades [63]
Deidad de la Luna: la deidad que se burlaba de Kabunian por no tener aún esposa [62]
Hijo de Kabunian: el hijo de Kabunian con una mujer mortal; partido por la mitad, donde una parte se convirtió en un rayo y la otra en un trueno [62]
Matono: una mujer valiente que se aventuró en el inframundo y vio las causas de las malas cosechas y los terremotos; luego informó de sus estudios a la gente de la tierra; durante el kosdëy, la gente le reza para que no permita que el arroz, los camotes y otras cosas crezcan hacia abajo, sino que haga que crezcan hacia arriba [62]
Kabigat (de donde nace el agua): viajó al inframundo para recuperar árboles que se convirtieron en los bosques del mundo medio [62]
Kabigat (de donde desemboca el agua): enseñó a Kabigat (de donde desemboca el agua) cómo obtener árboles del inframundo de forma segura [62]
Masekën: gobernante del inframundo con cejas verdes, ojos rojos y cola [62]
Kabigat (del este): un hombre grande del este que adoptó a Bangan [62]
Bangan: hijo de Otot y adoptado por Kabigat; un joven amable que amaba tanto a su padre como a su padre adoptivo; compartió oro con el mundo a través de Kabigat [62]
Otot: un hombre grande en el oeste que murió debido a un accidente, mientras viajaba con su hijo, Bangan; un árbol de oro se levantó de su entierro, donde Kabunian derribó el árbol y todo el oro en la tierra se esparció desde él [62]
Dios del Sol: la deidad que impulsó hacia arriba el mundo celestial y empujó hacia abajo el inframundo, creando la tierra, después de ser alcanzado por la flecha de un hombre durante la guerra entre los pueblos del mundo celestial y el inframundo [62]
Tinmongao: espíritus guardianes de las montañas, incluido el monte Pulag [64]
Mortales
Labangan: un hombre que obtuvo el primer grano de arroz utilizado por la humanidad de Kabunian [62]
Esposa de Kabunian: la esposa de Kabunian que dio a luz a su hijo, que se dividió en dos y revivió en relámpagos y truenos [62]
Dos mujeres ciegas: dos amables mendigos ciegos hambrientos que fueron expulsados por sus vecinos; alimentados por una mujer que salió de una roca y una anciana; a una le dieron un saco de arroz, mientras que a la otra le dieron una botella de agua; cuando regresaron a casa, decidieron replantar el arroz y distribuirlo entre la gente, mientras que la botella de agua brotaba arroyos que también ayudaban a la humanidad [62]
Bugkalot (ilongotes)
Inmortales
Delan: deidad de la luna, adorada junto con el sol y las estrellas; afín a Elag; durante las peleas, Elag a veces cubre el rostro de Delan, lo que provoca las diferentes fases de la luna; dador de luz y crecimiento [65]
Elag: deidad del sol, adorada junto con la luna y las estrellas; tiene una casa magnífica en el reino del cielo llamada Gacay; se retira a su casa durante las noches; dador de luz y crecimiento [65]
Pandac: deidad de las estrellas, adorada junto con el sol y la luna; dador de luz y crecimiento [65]
Caín: el cazador de cabezas creador de la humanidad; dio costumbres al pueblo; vivió junto con Abel en el cielo pero se separaron debido a una pelea [65]
Abel: se le rezaba para desear una larga vida a sus hijos; vivía junto a Caín en el cielo, pero se separaron debido a una pelea [65]
Keat: personificación del rayo, representado como el camino de Caín y Abel [65]
Kidu: personificación del trueno, que sigue a Keat [65]
Gemang: guardián de las bestias salvajes [65]
Oden: deidad de la lluvia, adorada por sus aguas dadoras de vida [65]
Tawen: personificación del cielo [65]
Kalao: pájaros espirituales; [65] representados como cálaos rojos que guían y protegen a los cazadores y sus almas [66]
Be'tang: criaturas espirituales impredecibles que cambian de forma y viven en los bosques o zonas silvestres llamadas Gongot; la juventud y la suavidad son sus propiedades, mientras que también pueden alterar el sentido del tiempo de un humano; pueden tomar la forma de un perro blanco, un ciervo grande, un caballo con la lengua colgando, una mujer desnuda o seres con formas grotescas, cuyos atributos van desde brazos y piernas largos, cabezas pequeñas, pies de gran tamaño, cuerpos peludos, hasta cuerpos sin pelo; también pueden entrar en los sueños de una persona o paralizar a un humano [67]
Espíritus Ga'ek: espíritus de la planta mágica Ga'ek que se utilizan en relación con la caza y la pesca; se les da la oración naw-naw [67]
Ilocano
Inmortales
Buni: el ser supremo que ordenó a Parsua y a los gigantes primordiales Angalo y Aran crear numerosas cosas que hicieron posible que la humanidad prosperara; una deidad misteriosa que está más allá de las capacidades perceptivas de los mortales [68] [69] [70]
Parsua: la deidad creadora; [69] intermediario de Buni [70]
Gigantes primordiales: encargados por Buni de crear cosas [70]
Anglao: también llamado Angalo ; cavó la tierra e hizo las montañas, orinó en los agujeros de la tierra e hizo los ríos y lagos, y puso el cielo, el sol, la luna y dispuso las estrellas a instancias del dios supremo [68]
Aran: uno de los dos gigantes primordiales encargados de la creación de muchas cosas [68]
Apo Daga: la personificación divina de la tierra viva y respirante [70]
Apo Langit: la deidad del cielo [69]
Apo Angin: la deidad del viento [69]
Apo Bulan: la deidad de la luna; [70] el dios de la paz que consoló al afligido Abra [71]
Apo Init: la deidad del sol; [69] también llamado Amman, se dice que el sol mismo es su ojo [71]
Apo Tudo: la deidad de la lluvia [69]
Apo Baybay: la deidad del mar; [70] la diosa del océano cuyas aguas golpearon el edificio de sal que estaban construyendo Ang-ngalo y Asin, haciendo que el agua del mar se volviera salada [72]
Lung-aw: el dios del progreso cuya presencia en la vida de uno proporciona una buena vida; invocado para la buena salud, la fuerza y la cordura [70]
Abra: un dios antiguo que controla el clima; casado con Makiling, el anciano [71]
Makiling (la mayor): la diosa dio a luz a Cabuyaran [71]
Cabuyaran: la diosa de la curación; hija de Abra y Makiling, el mayor; se fugó con Anianihan [71]
Anianihan: el dios de la cosecha que se fugó con Cabuyaran [71] Fue elegido por Cabuyaran como su esposo, en lugar de las preferencias de su padre, como Saguday, dios del viento, o Revenador, dios del trueno y el relámpago [73]
Saguday: el dios del viento que es uno de los dos dioses preferidos por Abra para ser el esposo de su hija [71]
Revenador: el dios del trueno y el relámpago que es uno de los dos dioses preferidos por Abra antes que el cónyuge de su hija [71]
Makiling (la menor): nieta de Makiling, la mayor; está custodiada por el dios perro Lobo en el inframundo [71]
Lobo: un dios que fue castigado a convertirse en un perro grande que custodiaba la entrada al inframundo [71]
Dios sin nombre: el dios del inframundo que castigó a Lobo [71]
Dal'lang: la diosa de la belleza [3]
Sipnget: la diosa de la oscuridad que le pidió a Ang-ngalo que le construyera una mansión [72]
Asin: gobernante del reino de la sal, que ayudó a Ang-ngalo en la construcción de una mansión blanca [72]
Apolaki: el nombre de una deidad, que más tarde se utilizó para referirse a la deidad suprema de los conversos cristianos [74]
Kaibaan: espíritus de la maleza de los bosques [70]
Mangmangkik: espíritus de los árboles [70]
Ansisit: los espíritus enanos [70]
Batibat: espíritus de pesadillas [70]
Di Katataoan: espíritus malignos [70]
Pugot: espíritus sin cabeza de piel oscura [70]
Mortales
Lam-ang : un héroe épico que viajó para vengar a su padre y cortejar a Inés Kannoyan; ayudado por el perro y el gallo, y en algunas versiones, también por el gato [75]
Namongan: madre de Lam-ang [75]
Don Juan: padre de Lam-ang [75]
Inés Kannoyan: bella doncella que se convirtió en la amante de Lam-ang; ayudó a la resurrección de Lam-ang [75]
Presidente con cuernos: un presidente de un pueblo que deseaba tener cuernos para asustar a la gente bajo su mando y mantenerlos bajo su control; su deseo fracasó ya que la gente lo percibía como peor que un animal; continuó exigiendo ser el gobernante a pesar de que su gente le retiró su apoyo, lo que finalmente condujo a su muerte [76]
Pangasinán
Inmortales
Ama-Gaolay: la deidad suprema; [77] simplemente conocida como Ama, la gobernante de los demás y la creadora de la humanidad; ve todo a través de su morada aérea; padre de Agueo y Bulan [33]
Agueo: el dios del sol taciturno y malhumorado que obedece a su padre, Ama; vive en un palacio de luz [33]
Bulan: el alegre y travieso dios de la luna, cuyo oscuro palacio era la fuente de la luz perpetua que se convirtió en estrellas; guía los caminos de los ladrones [33]
Apolaqui: dios de la guerra; [78] también llamado Apolaki, su nombre fue utilizado posteriormente para referirse al dios de los conversos cristianos [74]
Anito: espíritus que acechan en todas partes; capaces de infligir dolor y sufrimiento, o de otorgar recompensas [77]
Dioses del Pistay Dayat: dioses que son pacificados a través del ritual del Pistay Dayat, donde se dan ofrendas a los espíritus de las aguas que pacifican a los dioses [77]
Mortales
Urduja: una princesa guerrera que encabezó una flota suprema [79]
Rizal: un héroe cultural que, según la tradición, regresará para ayudar a su pueblo en su lucha por la victoria y la libertad genuina [80]
Sambal
Inmortales
Malayari: también llamado Apo Namalyari, la deidad suprema y creadora [1]
Akasi: el dios de la salud y la enfermedad; a veces visto en el mismo nivel de poder que Malayari [1]
Kayamanan: la diosa de la riqueza en la mitología Sambal ; con Kainomayan, ella ayudó a un granjero trayéndole buena fortuna, sin embargo, el granjero se volvió codicioso; como castigo, ella transformó al granjero en un enjambre de langostas [81] [82]
Kainomayan: la diosa de la abundancia [83] [84]
Deidades encargadas de la cosecha del arroz
Dumangan: dios de la buena cosecha [1]
Kalasakas: dios de la maduración temprana de los tallos de arroz [1]
Kalasokus: dios del amarilleo y la sequedad del grano [1]
Damulag: también llamado Damolag, dios de la protección del arroz fructífero contra los elementos [1]
Manglubar: el dios de la vida pacífica [1]
Mangalagar: la diosa de la buena gracia [1]
Anitun Tauo: la diosa del viento y la lluvia que fue rebajada de rango por Malayari debido a su vanidad [1]
Apolaqui: deidad personal de una sacerdotisa [85]
Aeta (Agta, Ayta)
Inmortales
Gran Creador: el dios que creó todas las cosas; solía descender y hablar con la gente antes del gran diluvio; gobierna la tierra a través de Tigbalog, Lueve, Amas y Binangewan [86]
Gutugutumakkan: la deidad suprema, posiblemente el nombre del Gran Creador [87]
Apu Namalyari: deidad que vive en el monte Pinatubo; [88] también llamado Apo Pinatubo y Apo na Malyari; [89] también conocida como la deidad suprema [90]
Tigbalog: da vida y dirige las actividades [86]
Lueve: dirige la producción y el crecimiento [86]
Amas: mueve a la piedad, al amor, a la unidad y a la paz del corazón [86]
Binangewan: espíritus que traen cambio, enfermedad y muerte como castigo [86]
Matusalem: los representantes del creador que actúan como mediadores entre el creador y los humanos desde después del gran diluvio [86]
Algao: el dios del sol que luchó contra Bacobaco [91]
Bacobaco: una antigua tortuga que se excavó en la cima del monte Pinatubo después de su batalla con Algao; se producen erupciones cuando resurge [91]
Kedes: dios de la caza [87]
Pawi: dios del bosque [87]
Sedsed: dios del mar [87]
Capampangan
Inmortales
Mangetchay: también llamada Mangatia; la deidad suprema que creó la vida en la tierra en memoria de su hija muerta; vive en el sol [92] en otras versiones, ella es la creadora y tejedora de redes de los cielos [93]
Hija de Mechetchay: una hija de Mangetchay cuya belleza desató la gran guerra entre los dioses, lo que llevó a la formación de la tierra a través de piedras arrojadas por las deidades; vivía en el planeta Venus [94]
Esposa de Mangetchay: esposa de Mangetchay que dio a luz a su hija cuya belleza desencadenó la gran guerra; vive en la luna [94]
Suku: también llamado Sinukwan, un ser gigantesco que irradiaba rasgos positivos [95]
Makiling: una diosa que se casó con Suku [95]
Malagu: diosa de la belleza que se casó con un mortal; hija de Makiling y Suku [95]
Mahinhin: diosa de la modestia que se casó con un mortal; hija de Makiling y Suku [95]
Matimtiman: diosa del encanto que se casó con un mortal; hija de Makiling y Suku [95]
Aring Sinukûan: dios del sol, de la guerra y de la muerte, enseñó a los primeros habitantes la industria de la metalurgia, el corte de madera, el cultivo del arroz e incluso la guerra; [93] vive en el monte Arayat y más tarde incluyó una forma femenina; [96] gobierna sobre Arayat junto con la deidad Mingan [97]
Mingan: una deidad que gobierna con Sinukuan sobre Arayat, también llamada Kalaya y Alaya [97]
Apolaqui: dios del sol que luchó contra su hermana, Mayarí [98]
Mayari: la diosa de la luna que luchó contra su hermano, Apolaqui [98]
Apûng Malyari: dios de la luna que vive en el monte Pinatubo y gobernante de los ocho ríos [93]
Tálâ: la estrella brillante, la que introdujo el cultivo del arroz húmedo [93]
Munag Sumalâ: la serpiente dorada hija de Aring Sinukuan; representa el amanecer [93]
Lakandanup: hijo de Aring Sinukuan; el dios de la gula y representa el sol al mediodía [93]
Gatpanapun: hijo de Aring Sinukuan; el noble que sólo conocía el placer y representa la tarde [93]
Sisilim: hija de Apûng Malyari; representa el crepúsculo y es recibida por los cantos de las cigarras a su llegada [93]
Galurâ: asistente alado de Aring Sinukuan; un águila gigante y portadora de tormentas [93]
Nága: deidades serpiente conocidas por su naturaleza protectora; su presencia en las estructuras son talismanes contra el fuego [93]
Lakandanum: variante del Naga, conocido por gobernar las aguas [93]
Lakandánup: diosa serpiente que aparece durante los eclipses totales; seguidos de hambruna; se come la sombra de una persona, lo que provocará marchitamiento y muerte; hija de Áring Sínukuan y Dápu [99]
Apung Iru (Señor del Río): se lo representaba como un cocodrilo cósmico gigantesco que sostenía la tierra sobre su espalda y se encontraba debajo del gran Río del Mundo. Si se enojaba, Apung Iru hacía que los ríos se desbordaran; de ahí el origen de la libad o procesión del agua durante la luna llena más cercana al solsticio de verano, que tiene lugar en la celebración anual llamada Bayung Danum (Agua Nueva) para apaciguar a la deidad. [100]
Dápu: deidad cocodrilo que sostiene la tierra sobre su espalda; una nunu o diosa de la tierra, y conocida como la madre océano [99]
Láwû: una criatura gigante similar a una mezcla de un pájaro, una serpiente y un cocodrilo que busca tragarse a Aldó y Búlan; el alma de Dápu que cumple sus órdenes ya que Dápu se ha debilitado cuando su vientre estalló; en otra versión menos común, Láwû es el fantasma de Dápu; mientras que en otra, Láwû es el descendiente de Dápu, que busca venganza por la madre de la deidad [99]
Batálâ: deidad martín pescador, conocido como el padre cielo; conocido como Salaksak, fue tragado por Dápu, donde se disolvió y sus dos almas salieron, estallando fuera del vientre de Dápu [99]
Almas de Batálâ
Aldó: el pájaro blanco de fuego [99]
Búlan: el pájaro rojo de fuego [99]
Rizal: un héroe cultural que regresará a través de la resurrección para ayudar a su pueblo en su lucha [80]
Felipe Salvador: un héroe que algún día regresará al pueblo para ayudarlo en su lucha; basado en un personaje histórico [80]
Mortales
Piriang: una doncella orgullosa que preferiría casarse con un demonio que con un hombre pobre [101]
Guanchiango: hombre que fue engañado por un demonio, al que liberó de un tarro [101]
Tagalo
Deidades tagalo antiguas documentadas por los españoles
Arao ( Araw = sol) – Según Juan de Plasencia , los antiguos tagalos adoraban al sol por su belleza. [102] Cuando llueve con sol y el cielo está algo colorado, dicen que se juntan los anitos para darles guerra. Y lo son, y con gran temor, y ni las mujeres ni los niños los dejan bajar de las casas, hasta que aclara y se aclara el cielo. [103] Durante el eclipse solar ( limlim ), se decía que el sol cubría su cara, no se reporta ninguna ceremonia especial a diferencia del caso del eclipse lunar. [104]
Alagaca ( Alagaka ): El protector de los cazadores. [105] [106]
Alpriapo (El príapo) – Un ídolo mencionado por un contemporáneo anónimo de Plasencia: [107] "Ellos adoraban ídolos que se llamaban Alpriapo , Lacapati y Meilupa , pero Dios, en Su bondad, los iluminó con la gracia de Su evangelio divino, y ellos adoran al Dios viviente en espíritu". [108] El término español Alpriapo "el príapo" se deja sin traducir. Aparentemente el cronista español no conocía el nombre tagalo de esta deidad. [109] Podrían estar refiriéndose a Dian Masalanta . [110]
Amanicable ( Ama-ni-Kable = padre de Kable ) – El defensor y protector de los cazadores. [111] [112] En las antiguas costumbres tagalo, el primer hijo o hija daba el apellido a los padres, p. ej. Amani Maliuag, Ynani Malacas, "el padre de Maliuag", "la madre de Malacas". [77] [113] Por lo tanto, Amanicable podría ser el apellido de Paglingñalan o Alagaca o ambos si son idénticos.
Amansinaya ( Amang Sinaya = padre de Sinaya ) – El defensor de los pescadores, de quien se dice que es el inventor de los aparejos de pesca. Antes de lanzar sus redes o líneas de pesca, los pescadores primero silbaban y luego rezaban a Amansinaya diciendo, " Kasumpa ako, naway diriyan " que significaba "Soy tu amigo jurado, que esté allí", en referencia al pez. [111] [114] Según el diccionario de San Buenaventura (1613), el significado de Amansinaya es "Padre de sinaya" ( Padre de sinaya ). En las antiguas costumbres tagalo, el primer hijo o hija daba el apellido a los padres, p. ej. Amani Maliuag, Ynani Malacas, "el padre de Maliuag", "la madre de Malacas". [113] El conector " ni " podía ser reemplazado por el enlazador, p. ej. < Amang Juan > Amáñg Suwáñ (Mag. 1679:3) "el padre de Juan". [77] El término sinaya significa "la primera captura de una red, trampa o perro de caza". Pasinaya es un término utilizado como una invitación a compartir una primera captura. [115] Según Francisco Colin, los pescadores no hacían uso de la primera tirada de la red o de un nuevo corral de pesca, pues pensaban que no conseguirían más peces si hacían lo contrario. Tampoco se debe hablar en la casa del pescador de sus nuevas redes, o en la del cazador de los perros recientemente comprados, hasta que hayan hecho una captura o hayan tenido alguna buena suerte; porque si no observaban eso, se les quitaba la virtud a las redes y la astucia a los perros. [116]
Badhala Catotobo ( Bathala katutubo = congénito bathala ): una especie de espíritu gemelo llamado katutubo "congénito" nacía junto con una persona y estaba a cargo de protegerla durante toda su vida. Los misioneros católicos usarán el término para referirse al ángel guardián . [117]
Balacbac (Balakbák) y Balantáy – Los dos guardianes de Tanguban : la morada de las almas de los muertos. [105] [106] Tanguban se divide en dos regiones: una es Maca o " kasanáan ng tuwa " ("mil alegrías") donde las almas buenas permanecen temporalmente en espera de la resurrección ; y la otra es " kasanáan ng hírap " ("mil dolores") o simplemente Casanáan ( Kasanáan ), donde iban las almas de los malvados, que se dice que está habitado por demonios llamados sitan . [118] En tagalo clásico , el término sánà podría significar "abundancia" o "destrucción". Es posible que el término sánà "abundancia" fuera tomado del árabe jannaţ "jardín, paraíso"; mientras que el término sánà "destrucción" fue tomado del árabe jahannam "infierno". [119] Se decía que una figura parecida a Caronte transportaba el alma en un barco hasta la otra orilla ( ibáyo ) de una extensión de agua considerada ahora como un ancho río ( ílog ), ahora como un lago o un mar (dágat). Probablemente se considera que el otro mundo está ubicado donde se supone que el sol se esconde ( lunod ) cada noche, de ahí el nombre del oeste kanlunúran > kanlúran . [120]
Balangao/Balangau ( Balangaw = arco iris) – Según Francisco Colin, los antiguos tagalos atribuían al arco iris su tipo de divinidad. [121] Colin también afirma "que el pájaro Tigmamanuquin derivó su interpretación como divinidad del arco iris". [122] El arco iris era considerado un signo divino y se considera blasfemia señalarlo con el dedo. [123] Se creía que el arco iris era el puente de Bathala (balaghari) [124] o el taparrabos (bahaghari). [125] Las almas de los que: perecieron por la espada, fueron devorados por cocodrilos o tiburones, y asesinados por un rayo; inmediatamente ascienden a Kaluwálhatian (gloria) por medio del arco iris (balangaw) [126] [127] [128] En tagalo clásico, el nombre propio del arco iris es Balangaw , mientras que bahaghari era solo un término poético que se refería a Balangaw . [123] Otros términos para el arcoíris son balantok y bahagsubay . [129] El arcoíris a veces se conoce como bathala o badhala , un título que también se atribuye a los cuerpos celestes que predicen eventos. [130] Esta deidad no debe confundirse con Varangao ( Barangaw ), el dios visayano del arcoíris, la guerra y las expediciones de saqueo. [131]
Balátic ("la Ballesta: el Águila, una constelación de tres estrellas cerca del ecuador celeste, llamada Marineras o Tres Marías en el español renacentista") [102] [132]
Balo - Los anitos que rondan los lugares desiertos [ otros anitos de los despoblados ]. [133]
Bathala mei Capal (Bathala Maykapal = Dios el Creador) – El ser supremo trascendente: el creador y gobernante del universo. Conocido bajo varios nombres, títulos y epítetos como: Anatala , [105] Molayare ( Mulayari = fuente/origen del poder/ser), [134] [135] Dioata ( Diwata = divinidad/remoto/muy distante), [134] [136] [137] Meylupa ( Maylupa = dueño de la tierra), [138] etc. Tenía muchos agentes bajo su mando, a quienes enviaba a este mundo para producir, en nombre de los hombres, lo que se produce aquí. Estos seres se llamaban anitos (espíritus ancestrales), y cada anito tenía un oficio especial. Algunos de ellos eran para los campos, y otros para los que viajan por mar; algunos para los que iban a la guerra, y otros para las enfermedades. [139] El término "bathala" es un título atribuido no sólo al ser supremo sino también a anitos tutelares personales ( Badhala catotobo ), pájaros de presagio ( Tigmamanuquin ), la montaña que es la morada de Tigmamanuquin , cometas y otros cuerpos celestes que los primeros tagalos creían que predecían eventos. [140] [141] Por esta razón, algunos cronistas españoles se habían perdido en su relato sobre Bathala Maykapal y rápidamente afirmaron que es un caimán, un cuervo, un pájaro llamado tigmamanukin , un arco iris, etc. [142] [143] En el contexto moderno, el término Bathala se puede utilizar para referirse al Dios cristiano.
Bibit – Generalmente las enfermedades se atribuyen a una deidad llamada Bibit . Una creencia extraña porque la deidad no se presenta como malévola, sino como enferma. Si alguien estaba enfermo, se hacían ofrendas de comida a Bibit porque la catalana tenía que curar primero a la deidad para que pudiera actuar como médico y para que el paciente se recuperara. [111] [144]
Bingsól – El defensor de los labradores. [105] [106]
Bisô (El de las Orejas) – El policía del cielo. [105] [106]
Boking/Bokong – un anito. [145]
Buan / Colalaiyng ( Buwan = luna; Kulalaying = arpa de boca ) – Según los cronistas españoles los antiguos tagalos veneraban a la luna ( Buwan ) como a una deidad, especialmente cuando era nueva (la primera astilla de la luna), en cuyo tiempo hacían grandes regocijo, adorándola y dándole la bienvenida, pidiéndole que les diese mucho oro; a otros mucho arroz; a otros que les diese una mujer hermosa o un marido noble, bien educado y rico; a otros que les diese salud y larga vida; en fin, cada uno pide lo que más desea porque cree y está convencido de que se lo puede dar en abundancia. [146] [102] [147] El diccionario de San Buenaventura enumera una oración dedicada a la luna que se recitaba durante la luna nueva: "Buwáñg Panginóon kó, payamánin mó akó" que se traduce como "Luna, mi Señor/Señora, hazme rico". Cuando uno está en una misión, sin importar cuán importante sea, es bueno desistir de cumplir la misión si ocurre un eclipse lunar. Un anillo que aparece alrededor de la luna es una indicación del fallecimiento de algún jefe. [148] En estos casos, se hace referencia a la luna como bathala, un título atribuido a los cuerpos celestes que los primeros tagalos creían que predecían eventos. [149] Otro nombre para la luna o el nombre propio para el anito de la luna es Colalaiyng {N&S 1754: 151-152: Colalaiyng. pc. Así llamaban á la luna, ó á una doncella en la luna, según sus consejos. }. Los tagalos de Laguna la llamaban "Dalágañg nása Buwán" (Doncella en la Luna), en referencia a la imagen formada por la sombra de la luna , que ellos ven como un rostro ( sangmukti ) de una doncella joven ( doncella ). [105] [150] [151] [106] [152] [153] Las ceremonias de su culto se realizaban regularmente en la luna nueva y la luna llena con ofrendas de gallos hechos volar en su dirección. También se la conocía como "Dalágañg Binúbúkot" (Doncella de Clausura). En la antigua sociedad tagalo, algunas vírgenes eran enclaustradas como monjas o, como entre los musulmanes, el término utilizado para referirse a ellas era binúkot (SB 1613:279; N&S 1860:266) y kinalî (N&S 1860:266; Pang. 1972:287). No se explica el motivo de esta costumbre, pero puede haber sido musulmán. [154] [155]
Bulac-pandan (Búlak Pandán = Flor de Pandan ) [105] [106]
Bulactala (Búlak Tálà = "Flower of Tala" i.e. the planet Venus)[105][106] – The anito of the planet Venus (tala).
Capiso Pabalita (Kapiso Pabalítà = News-giving) – The protector of travelers.[105][106]
Cirit/Zirit (Sirit = Snake's hiss) – A servant of the anitos.[105][106]
Dian Masalanta (Diyan Masalanta = the blind deity; the devastating deity) – The advocate of lovers and of generation (procreation).[102] The meaning of the name Dian Masalanta is not provided, but according to the author Jean-Paul G. Potet (Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs, 2018) the meaning could be "the blind deity" [dian "deity", ma – "adj. prefic" + salanta "blindness"].[110]Masalanta (devastating) comes from the root word salanta, which in the Noceda and Sanlucar Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala (1754)" and the San Buenaventura dictionary (1613) lists the meaning as "poor, needy, crippled, and blind". Generally, magsalanta and nasalanta, which means "is destroyed/devastated", is used when there is a calamity such as: a typhoon, flood, or earthquake.[156] Therefore, Dian Masalanta could also mean "devastating deity".
Dingali – A particular type of family-anitos.[157]
Guinarawan (Ginarawan) – an evil spirit.[158]
Guinoong Dalaga (Ginúoñg Dalága= lady maiden) – The anito of the crops.[105][106]
Guinoong Ganay (Ginúoñg Gánay = lady old maid) – According to Luciano P. R. Santiago, Guinoong Ganay is the advocate of single women that inhabit the Calumpang tree.[105][106][159]
Guinoong Panay (Ginúoñg Panáy = lady "syzygium/tuffy"?) – the anito of kalumpang tree (Sterculia foetida).[105][106]
Guinoong Pagsohotan (Ginúoñg Pagsuotán = clothing lady) – The protectress of women in travail.[105][106]
Hasangan (Hasanggán) – A terrible anito.[105][106]
Húya/Tumanor ( Tumanod = guardián) – un ídolo de mala fama que se arrastraba bajo las casas. Al oírlo, la gente arrojaba cenizas y golpeaba el suelo mientras decía: " Iri-iri ya, si Húya! " (SB 1613:36) [= "¡Toma eso, Huya!"] – su nombre aparentemente se asimila al panqueque (de matrimonio) llamado madhúyà (marúyà) y las cenizas son una parodia de la harina. [160] [112]
Ídianale (Í-diyanale = madre de Diyánale ) – Lacapati e Ídianale eran los patrones de las tierras cultivadas y de la agricultura. [102] En las antiguas costumbres tagalo, el primer hijo o hija daba el apellido a los padres, p. ej. Amani Maliuag, Ynani Malacas, "el padre de Maliuag", "la madre de Malacas". [113] Amá e iná podían reducirse respectivamente a a- e i- y usarse como prefijos (probablemente acentuados) para el nombre del niño, p. ej. Á-Pálad "padre de Palad", Í-Pálad "madre de Palad". Por lo tanto, Ídianale es un apellido de una anito femenina. [77]
Lacambini/Lacandaytan ( Lakambini = calma/reposo/señor modesto; [161] Lakang Daitan = señor del apego [162] ) – El protector de la garganta , y el abogado en caso de dolencia de garganta. [111] Algunos autores transcribieron erróneamente su nombre como Lacambui , y según ellos es el dios de los antiguos tagalos que alimentaban. [163] Isabelo de los Reyes también se refirió a este anito como Lakan-busog y lo equipara con el diwata visayo llamado Makabosog ; y el kibaan de los ilocanos que le da a su amigo una olla que produce todo tipo de alimentos. [164] El título tagalo " laka " ( lakan ) proviene del javanés " raka " "señor" que se encuentra en la inscripción de Kalasan fechada en S'ka 700/22 de marzo de 779 (Juan Francisco 1971:151) [Potet, T customs, 37]. Según Francisco Colin (1663), el título " Lacan o Gat " es el equivalente al español "Don" , y que el Don (Doña) de las mujeres no es Lacan o Gat sino "Dayang" . [113] Esto indica que el género de este anito es "masculino". En los diccionarios tagalos contemporáneos, el significado de este término se da como "una musa, una bella dama encantadora". [165]
La Campinay ( Lakampinay ) – La vieja partera. [105] [106] El título tagalo " laka " ( lakan ) viene del javanés " raka " "señor" que se encuentra en la inscripción de Kalasan fechada en S'ka 700/22 de marzo de 779 (Juan Francisco 1971:151). [166] Según Francisco Colin (1663), el título " Lacan o Gat " es el equivalente al español "Don" , y que el Don (Doña) de las mujeres no es Lacan o Gat sino "Dayang" . [113] Esto indica que La Campinay es un "partero", lo que no es poco común en el sudeste asiático. [167]
Lacan Balingasay ( Lakang Balingasay ) – Padre Juan de Oliver en su Declaración de la Doctrina Christiana en idioma tagalo (1599). Mientras predicaba en Batangas , mencionó a Lakan Balingasay y lo comparó con Beelzebub : " making anito ang pangalang Belzebu, na kun baga dito Lakan Balingasay " . [168] Balingasay es una madera derivada de Buchanania arborescens , un tipo de especie frutal que se comúnmente encontrado en Luzón.
Lacapati ( Lakapati , del sánscrito Locapati = Señor del mundo) – La principal deidad de la fertilidad , representada apropiadamente por una imagen de un hombre y una mujer unidos ( andrógino ) que significa el poder procreativo de la unión heterosexual . [114] [169] Fue el defensor de los campos sembrados, [111] de la agricultura, [102] y de los vagabundos y los abandonados. [105] Los antiguos tagalos le hacen sacrificios de comida y palabras, pidiéndole agua para sus campos y que les dé pescado cuando vayan a pescar al mar, diciendo que si no lo hacen, no tendrán agua para su campo y mucho menos atraparán algún pez cuando vayan a pescar. [134] Durante los rituales y ofrendas —conocidos como maganito— en los campos y durante la temporada de siembra, los agricultores sostenían a un niño en el aire mientras invocaban a Lakapati y cantaban " Lakapati, pakanin mo yaring alipin mo; huwag mo gutumin ". (Traducción: Lakapati, alimenta a este tu esclavo; que no tenga hambre). [111] Otros autores lo describieron como un diablo hemafrodita que satisface su apetito carnal con hombres y mujeres. [163] [170] Esto podría ser una mala interpretación de la relación de Lacapati con los catalonas (chamanes). En la religión Ngaju Dayak , el estado alterado de conciencia del chamán se asemeja a las relaciones sexuales entre hombre y mujer: el chamán trabaja en una transformación de encarnación que se considera femenina o receptiva; la deidad se considera masculina o la fuerza dinámica que entra . [171] A diferencia del nombre "Lacambini" ( Lakambini ) o Lacan Baliñgasay ( Lakang Balingasay ), el conector (por ejemplo, m, ng, n) entre laka y pati no se utiliza porque este nombre tiene un origen diferente: sánscrito loka-pati = "señor del mundo" (un epíteto de " Brahman el Creador" y " Vishnu el Preservador"); Sans. loka = ubicación, la tierra, campo + Sans. pati = señor. [166] [172] [173]
Lachanbacor ( Lakhang Bakod = cerca lacada) – Deidad itifálica. El anito de los frutos de la tierra y protector de los cultivos de quema. Su imagen o estatua de madera se describe como que tiene ojos y dientes de oro y genitales dorados tan largos como un tallo de arroz; su cuerpo es completamente hueco. Cuando el pueblo necesitaba su ayuda, celebraban un banquete y se regocijaban en los campos bajo un dosel que construyeron allí para este propósito y donde erigen una especie de altar. En este altar colocan su estatua de madera. Y los que hacen el sacrificio forman un círculo y comen y festejan. Y hacen que los sacerdotes ( catalona ) coloquen algo de la comida que deben comer en la boca de la estatua; también le dan algo de la bebida que deben beber. Y están convencidos de que recitando algunas palabras supersticiosas les dará los frutos muy buenos y abundantes que le piden. [114] [134] [174] Le ofrecían anguilas cuando cercaban los campos de quema, porque, decían, las suyas eran las más fuertes de todas las cercas, " linalachan niya ang bacor nang bucqir " ("Él lacaba las cercas del campo"). [175] Lacha ( Lakha ) significa "laca roja". [172] Algunos autores dicen que es el dios que curaba las enfermedades, [163] por eso Isabelo de los Reyes lo comparó con el kibaans de Ilocanos que anida en las plantas que sirven de cercas (cercas vivas) y curaba enfermedades. [164]
Laho (del asura llamado Rahu ): la serpiente o dragón que se creía que devoraba la luna y causaba el eclipse lunar . [176] Cuando la luna se eclipsa, la gente de los diversos distritos generalmente sale a la calle o a los campos abiertos, con campanas, panastanes, etc. Los golpean con gran fuerza y violencia para proteger así a la luna que, según dicen, está siendo devorada o tragada por el dragón, el tigre o el cocodrilo. Si quieren decir "el eclipse de luna", es muy común entre ellos usar esta locución, diciendo "Linamon laho bovan" ("Laho se está tragando la luna"). Los españoles creían que los tagalos aprendieron esta práctica de los sangley (chinos). [177] [178]
Lampinsaca ( Lampinsákà = lisiado) – El defensor de los cojos y los lisiados. [105] [106]
Linğa ( Linggá = del sánscrito " lingam ", el símbolo fálico del dios hindú " Shiva el Destructor") – El anito que era invocado en caso de enfermedad. [111] Al igual que sus contemporáneos, el lexicógrafo español que registró este término no tenía el conocimiento necesario para identificarlo. [179] En los primeros textos médicos sánscritos, linga significa "síntoma, signos" y juega un papel clave en el diagnóstico de una enfermedad. [180] [181] [182]
Macapulao ( Makapúlaw = vigilante) – El abogado de los marineros. [105] [106]
Macatalubhay ( Makatalubháy ) – El anito de los plátanos. [105] [106]
Mancocotor ( Mangkukutud ): Defensor de los manunubas (recolectores de tuba/fabricantes de vino de coco) y protector de las palmeras de coco. [111] [183] Los manunubas le hacen ofrendas antes de trepar a un árbol, para no correr el riesgo de caerse del tronco. [168]
Magináong Sungmásandāl ( Maginúoñg Sungmásandāl = Señor "el que se mantiene cerca") [105] [106]
Maguinoong Campongan ( Maginúoñg Kampungán = señor partidario) – El anito de la cosecha y los campos sembrados. [105] [106]
Quinon sana ( Kinunsánà ) – El nombre de la deidad suprema entre los montañeros (Boxer 2016:66/67). Schol. Este es un derivado -in de * kunsánà , a su vez un derivado kun - de sánà "abundancia". El prefijo kun - también se encuentra en wárì "opinión" < kunwárì "falsificación". [184] [103] El dios de los campos y de las selvas a quien los sacerdotes le hacen sacrificios de comida llamados catalona , suplicándole que no les haga daño ni les haga daño mientras estén en sus campos o en la selva. Realizan este sacrificio y celebran este banquete para él con el fin de mantenerlo satisfecho y benévolo. [134] El hecho de que los tagalos no tengan una palabra nativa para 'bosque' no es menos sorprendente que su falta de términos para 'volcán' y 'lava'. ZORC (1993) opina que deben haber existido términos nativos tagalo, y que desaparecieron del idioma porque eran tabú: pronunciarlos habría llamado la atención de los dioses iracundos correspondientes. [185]
Paalolong (Paalúlong = barker) – The advocate of the sick and the dead.[105][106]
Paglingñalan (Paglingniyalán) – The advocate of hunters.[105][106]
Pagvaagan (Pagwaagán) – the anito of the winds.[105][106]
Pilipit (Spiral) – the ancient Tagalogs swear their oaths to a statuette of a deity or monstrous beast, they called Pilipit, that would devour a perjurer. San Buenaventura (1613:369) describes the Pilipit as a devil figure; a ceramic cat apparently made in China. The oath could also be taken on a substitute – a snail bearing the same name, both having a twisted appearance. According to Francisco Colin, when the chiefs of Manila and Tondo swore allegiance to the Catholic sovereigns, in the year one thousand five hundred and seventy-one, they confirmed the peace agreements and the subjection with an oath, asking "the sun to pierce them through the middle, the crocodiles to eat them, and the women not to show them any favor or wish them well, if they broke their word." Sometimes they performed the pasambahan for greater solemnity and confirmation of the oath. That consisted in bringing forward the figure of some monstrous beast asking that they might be broken into pieces by it if they failed in their promise.[113] According to Father Noceda and Blumentritt, the Tagalogs called Pasambahan the place where they took oath before the figure of a very ugly animal.[186]
Posor-lupa (Púsod-Lúpā = earth navel) – the anito of the fields.[105][106]
Sayc (Sayik, from Arabic shaykh = sheikh. This name was wrongly transcribed as Hayc in the English translation of the Boxer Codex.[187]) – The anito of the sea. Seamen before they set sail sponsored a major ceremony (maganito) wherein sacrifices of banquets and food are offered to him, through a catalona, asking him to protect them from tempests and storms when traveling by sea, and to grant them good weather and favorable calm winds.[134]
Siac Matanda (Siyák Matandâ = old sheikh) – The advocate of merchants and second-hand dealers.[105][106]
Siukuy (Siyokoy = from Chinese Mandarin "shuǐguǐ" which means "water ghost") – the anito of the rivers [Era el dios de los ríos de los tágalos antiguos].[188][189] In modern Tagalog folklore, siyokoy are sea monsters, an anthropoid whose body is covered in glistening brown or green fish scales and webbet feet; some description also give them long, green tentacles and gill slits; they drown fishermen and consume them for food.[190]
Tauong Damo (Tawong Damo) – Wicked anitos or savaged mountain gods believed to be responsible for the abortion.[191] According to Blumentritt, the anitos that inspired so much fear among the Tagalogs, such as those that lived in the forest, seem to be the anitos of the old owners or natives of the regions that was occupied by the immigrant Tagalogs.[192] Linguists such as David Zorc and Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.[193][194]
The first midwife in the world – An unnamed deity, mentioned in the Boxer Codex (1590), called "the first midwife in the world"; to whom the midwives, when they do their job, prayed to saying: "Oh you, first midwife, whose office I now do by your will, please give me so that through my help this creature may come to light ".[134] They could be referring to Lacampinay, the old midwife.
Unnamed anito of the house – whose favor they implored whenever an infant was born, and when it was suckled and the breast offered to it.[195]
Unnamed ferryman of the dead – The ancient Tagalogs believed that when a man died, his soul was obliged to pass a river or lake where there was a boat rowed by an old boatman; and to pay his passage they fastened some money on the arm of the dead man (Aduarte 1640).[196][197] The unnamed ferryman could be Paalolong, the god of the sick and of the dead.
Unnamed husband-and-wife deities – In the Pardo inquisition report (1686), the inquisitor found bamboo goblets, pebbles, and skeins of hair, and a one-piece stone statue representing husband-and-wife deities.[198]
Unnamed serpent deity – The priestesses and her acolytes of the town of Santo Tomas, Laguna de Bay, interrogated by the Dominican inquisitors from the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, answered that, when they performed a ceremony in a cave, used as a temple, a deity would appear to them in the shape of a python (sawa).[199] Usually, it is reported that the spirit—whether that of a deity or an ancestor—took the form of a shadow (aníno) to enter the body of the shaman. The sound of a flute was heard when the spirit was present (Boxer 2016:82/83). In their dreams, the shaman saw these spirits as a black man (itím na laláki) or a wild water buffalo (anwáng). Similarly, a mountain spirit called tigbálang was perceived as a black ghost, hence Anáki'ý ikáw ay tigbálang "You look like a mountain spirit." Said to a person dressed in black attires. The spirit appearing as a python to the congregation is an exception.[199][200]
Tagalog pantheon by F. Landa Jocano
Bathala or Abba – The highest ranking deity and creator of all things. He had three daughters to a mortal wife – Mayari, Hana, and Tala. In classical Tagalog, the term "bathala" is a title attributed not only to the supreme being but also to personal tutelary anitos (Badhala catotobo), omen birds (Tigmamanuquin), the mountain which is the abode of Tigmamanuquin (Tigmamanukin), comets and other heavenly bodies which the early Tagalog people believed predicted events.[140][141]Abba is the name of the god in the sky worshipped by the people of Limasawa.[201]
Idianali – The goddess of labor and good deeds. Wife of Dumangan, mother of Dumakulem.
Dumangan – The god of good harvest. Husband of Idianali, father of Dumakulem. Dumangan is the Sambal god of harvest and giver of grain.[202]
Amanikabli – The husky, ill-tempered ruler of the sea. He is the syncretization of Amanikable (the anito of hunters) and Kablay, a rich, old man in Zambales legend who owned several fishing boats. In this legend, Kablay refused to give alms to a spirit of the sea in the guise of an old beggar man. For his punishment he was transformed into a shark.[203]
Dumakulem – A strong, agile hunter who became the guardian of created mountains. Son of Idianali and Dumangan. He was derived from Domakolen, the god of the Bagobos who created mountains.[204]
Anitun Tabu – The fickle-minded goddess of the wind and rain. She was derived from the Sambal deity Anitun Tauo.[205]
Mayari – The goddess of the moon. Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife. She was derived from the Kapampangan lunar goddess of the same name.[206]Mayari could also be derived from the Sambal deity Malayari.
Hana – The goddess of the morning. Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife. She was derived from Hanan a Visayan hero god who gave the morning dawn.[207]
Tala – The goddess of the stars. Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife.
Ikapati – The goddess of cultivated land. Wife of Mapulon, mother of Anagolay. She was derived from the Sambal goddess of the same name.[202] The Tagalog deity Lacapati was first documented in the Boxer Codex (1590) as possibly male, whose pronoun are he/him. Then as a "figure of man and woman joined together" (androgyne) in Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1613).
Mapulon – The god of season. Husband of Ikapati, father of Anagolay.
Anagolay – The goddess of loss things. Wife of Dumakulem, mother of Apolaki and Dian Masalanta. Possibly derived from either Anagaoley, the supreme god of the ancient Pangasineses; or Amanolay, a god of the Gaddanes.[208]
Apolaki – The god of the sun and patron of fighters. Son of Dumakulem and Anagolay, brother of Dian Masalanta. Apolaki is the supreme god of the ancient Pangasinenses whom they also referred to as Anagaoley or Amagaoley (Supreme Father).[209] In Kapampangan mythology, he is a son of Bathala and brother of Mayari.[206] The Bolinao manuscript mentions the Sambal priestess Bolindauan in 1684 who has Apolaqui as her patron anito.
Dian Masalanta – The goddess of lovers. Daughter of Dumakulem and Anagolay, sister of Apolaki.
Sitan – The chief deity of Kasanaan: the village of grief and affliction. He was assisted by many mortal agents such as: Mangagauay, Manisilat, Mankukulam, Hukluban. Sitan is mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs (1589) as "devils" inhabiting the Casanaan (hell).
Agents of Sitan:
Mangagauay – The one responsible for the occurrence of diseases. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
Manisilat – The goddess of broken homes. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
Mankukulam – Who often assumes human form and went around the villages, pretending to be a priest-doctor. Then he would wallow in the filth beneath the house of his victim and emit fire. If the fire was extinguished immediately, the victim would die. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
Hukluban – She had the power to change herself into any form she desired. She could kill anyone by simply raising her hand. However, if she wanted to heal those whom she had made ill by her charms, she could do so without any difficulty. It was also said of her that she could destroy a house by merely saying that she would do so. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest. Among the peasants of the province of Bulacan, Hokloban was a wise old man, almost a magician, who was consulted, and who came to an extremely advanced age, thus being a kind of Methuselah of the Tagalogs. The phrase "matandang Hokloban" (old Hokloban) that applies to the long-lived is still very common.[210]
Priestly agents of the environmental gods:
Silagan – Whose duty was to tempt people and to eat the liver of all those who wear white clothes during mourning and take their souls down to the depth of Kasanaan. Had a sister named Mananangal. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
Mananangal – Could be seen walking along dark trails and lonely paths without her head, hands or feet, because her work was to frighten people to death. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
Asuan – Who fly at night, murder men, eat their flesh and drink their blood. He has four brothers: Mangagayuma, Sunat, Pangatahuyan, Bayugin. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
Mangagayuma – Specialized in charms which, when used by lovers, had the power to infused the heart with love. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
Sunat – A well-known priest. Brother of Asuan. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest. According to Plasencia, a sonat is a high priest/priestess equivalent of that of a Bishop. In classical Tagalog, sonat also signified circumcision, it alluded to the ritual of circumcision of Filipino girls upon coming of age by the chief priestess. In suppressing the priestesses, the missionaries unwittingly made one of their greatest contributions to the welfare of Filipino women: the abolition of what is now known as "female genital mutilation" which, unfortunately, still survives in other developing countries.[211]
Pangatahuyan – a soothsayer. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
Bayuguin – Whose work was to tempt women into a life of shame (prostitution). Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest. Bayoguin (Bayogin) or Bayog are transgender and transvestite priests or shaman of the indigenous religion of the ancient Tagalogs.
Anting-anting pantheon[212]
Infinito Dios - The highest god and the oldest being from whom everything emanated. The virtue (Birtud/Galing) residing in and empowering the anting-anting and agimat (amulets and talismans). He is also referred to as Nuno (Ancient One, earth deity), Animasola (Lonely Soul, air deity), Waksim (As water deity), and Atardar (His warrior or protective aspect). He is identified to Bathala Maykapal.
Infinita Dios - The female aspect of the Divine. She is said to be the first emanation of the Infinito Dioswho sprang forth from his mind when he decided to have someone help him in his task of creation. She is also referred to as Maria (which stands for: Maris, Amantisimo, Rexsum, Imperator, Altisima), Gumamela Celis (Flower of Heaven), Rosa Mundi (Flower of the World), and Dios Ina (God the Mother); she is also identified with Inang Pilipinas (Mother Philippines) or Inang Bayan (Motherland) similar to Ibu Pertiwi of Indonesia.
The first two elders (nuno) who reside in the two corners of the Earth and are the guardians of the Sun and the Moon:
UPH MADAC - She is the first spirit of the twenty-four Ancianos, except for guarding the first hour after midnight. She designed the Sun in accordance with the task given to her by the Infinito Dios. She made many designs and presented them to her companions and to the Lord, and they chose and all agreed on the shape or appearance of the sun which gives light to the world from then until now and into the future.
ABO NATAC - He is the second spirit, who designed the Moon which gives us light during the night. He did the same, many were also created and these were presented to his companions and to the Infinito Dios, and they agreed on the shape of the moon that is present today.
The following six spirits do not receive any other office. What they did was just wander out into the world, and be God's watchmen:
ELIM – The watchman from 3 a.m. to 3:59 AM.
BORIM – The watchman from 4:00 AM to 4:59 AM.
MORIM – The watchman from 5:00 AM to 5:59 AM.
BICAIRIM – The watchman from 6:00 AM to 6:59 AM.
PERSALUTIM - The watchman from 7:00 AM to 7:59 AM.
MITIM - The watchman from 8:00 AM to 8:59 AM.
The Siete Arkanghelis:
AMALEY - He is the president and first minister of the archangel warriors. He is San Miguel Arcanghel, on his shoulders rests the fight against the wicked to have security on earth and in heaven. San Miguel is assigned as the watchman from 9:00 AM to 9:59 AM on each day, he is also the watchman on the first day of each week, which is Sunday, so he is the one to call on these days to avoid any disasters or events that do not occur. He is also the spirit messenger and messenger of the Infinito Dios throughout the heavens.
ALPACOR – He is the one made secretary by the Siete Arkanghelis of the whole universe, he is San Gabriel who is the recorder of all the hidden wonders in the whole universe and galaxy. San Gabriel is the watchman from 10:00 AM to 10:59 AM of each day, He is also the watchman every Monday, therefore it is good to call him on this day to be saved from all disasters .
AMACOR - He is the prince of the angelic justice and also the giver of heavenly grace for which he is also the Butler of the Infinito Dios. This angel is well known by the name San Rafael, he is the watchman at 11:00 AM of each day and of Tuesdays. He is the one to be called on these days for salvation from calamities.
APALCO - He is the angel who was made Justicia mayor in heaven. Chief Ruler of heavenly things and recommender to God of the punishment to be inflicted, he is also the giver of wisdom to be used by the soul and earthly body of man. This angel is identified as San Uriel who is assigned to watch at 12 noon and he is also the watchman on Wednesdays, so he must be called on this day to be saved from any disaster.
ALCO - This is the spirit that offers or prays to God of any good work of man, he is also the receiver and informer of human needs, regarding God. This angel is San Seatiel who is the watchman on Thursdays and the time of the first hour of the afternoon of each day, so he should be the one to be called on these days:
ARACO - This is the spirit who was made the keeper of treasures and graces. He holds the key to giving the riches and glory of God. This angel is San Judiel, the benefactor and giver of God's mercy. He is also the assigned watchman on Fridays, so he should be the one to be called on these days.
AZARAGUE - This is the guardian spirit of Heaven and Earth, and he is the helper and protector of all spirits under the Infinito Dios. He is San Baraquiel the watchman at 3 pm of each day and is also assigned as the watchman of every Saturdays, so he is the one to be called on these days. San Baraquiel is the last of the Seven Archangels to be known as the seven warriors of God the Father.
LUXBEL – He is the youngest of the 16 spirits first created by the Infinito Dios. His name means "Light of Heaven" because he is the closest to God. When God began his creation, he was baptized with the name BECCA, but he disobeyed the Infinito Dios so he renamed him LUXQUER or LUCIFER. The history of Luxbel can be found in a book entitled DIEZ MUNDOS (Ten Planets). In this book you will find various types of illicit wisdom such as hexes (kulam), glamour (malik mata), philters (gayuma) and many more. Anyone is discouraged to have a copy of this book because it is the cause of unforgivable sin to the Lord.
The following five spirits were not baptized and did not accept the calling. When the Lord Jesus Christ was currently hanging on the cross, they came to be baptized, but it did not happen because at that time our Lord Jesus breathed his last. They are:
ISTAC - The watchman from 5:00 PM to 5:59 PM.
INATAC - The watchman from 6:00 PM to 6:59 PM.
ISLALAO - The watchman from 7:00 PM to 7:59 PM.
TARTARAO - The watchman from 8:00 PM to 8:59 PM.
SARAPAO - The watchman from 9:00 PM to 9:59 PM.
The last three are the Santisima Trinidad, to whom the Infinito Dios gave authority to create the world and its inhabitants.:
MAGUGAB - This spirit presents himself as Dios Ama (God the Father), who some say is the first person of the Santisima Trinidad. But as Dios Ama, he is not the Infinito Dios, but only given him the right and duty to identify himself as God the Father. He was given the design of the world and all its contents such as the various types of flying creatures in the air or those crawling on the ground, especially man. He is the watchman from 9:00 PM to 9:59 PM.
MARIAGUB - This spirit is the second person in the Santisima Trinidad, he has the fullness of Dios Anak (God the Son) and the power to fulfill the mysteries wrought by the Lord Jesus Christ. He is the spirit who incarnates in order to save those who receive and believe in him. This spirit is the one who, in every age, enters the body of the people commanded by God, which was then called the "Lamb of God." He is the watchman from 10:00 PM to 10:59 PM.
MAGUB - This is the third person of the Santisima Trinidad as the Espiritu Santo (Holy Spirit), he is the one who acts to accomplish the thing that must happen in the present. Through his power the promises of the Infinito Dios to the People are formed and fulfilled. He is watchman from 11:00 PM to midnight or 12: 00MN.
Other mythological figures
Bernardo Carpio – The Hispanized avatar of the gigantic underworld crocodile that cause earthquake in pre-colonial Tagalog mythology, and of Palangíyi the mythical King of the Tagalog people. Legend has it that the Tagalogs have a giant king—a messianic figure—named Bernardo Carpio, squeezed between two mountains or two great rocks in the Mountains of Montalban, and who causes earthquakes whenever he tries to free himself. Once the last link on the chains binding him is broken, the enslavement and oppression of his people will be replaced with freedom and happiness. Filipino revolutionary heroes Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio are said to have paid homage to the Bernardo Carpio legend – the former by making a pilgrimage to Montalban, and the latter making the caves of Montalban the secret meeting place for the Katipunan movement.[213][214][215]
Palangíyi (from Malay Palángi = rainbow) – The mythical king of the Tagalog people.[216][214]
Balitóc (Balitók = gold) – An archetypal witch (manggagaway) of the ancient Tagalogs.[133] Probably the spirit of a famous priestess or a famous witch, perhaps legendary, e.g. Si Balitók ang gumáway sa bátang yarí = It is Balitok who has bewitched the child [SB 1613: 284].[217]
Primordial Kite – caused the sky and the sea to war, which resulted in the sky to throw boulders at the sea, creating islands; built a nest on an island and left the sky and sea in peace[218]
Unnamed God – the god of vices mentioned as a rival of Bathala[1]
Sidapa – god of war who settles disputes among mortals.[8] He also appeared in the Tagalog tale "Why the Cock Crows at Dawn" in Damiana Eugenio's The Myths where said deity is portrayed as a war god who turns a servant into a rooster after failing to wake him early in the morning many times. This tale seems to be derived from the story of Alectryon, a youth whom the war god Ares, placed as a guardian at the door when he visited Aphrodite. The youth, however, fell asleep, and their lovemaking was discovered by Helios (sun). As punishment Alectryon was changed into a rooster, which since then unceasingly announces the arrival of the sun.
Amansinaya – goddess of fishermen[8]
Amihan – a primordial deity who intervened when Bathala and Amansinaya were waging a war;[219] a gentle wind deity, daughter of Bathala, who plays during half of the year, as playing together with her brother, Habagat, will be too much for the world to handle[220]
Habagat – an active wind deity, son of Bathala, who plays during half of the year, as playing together with his sister, Amihan, will be too much for the world to handle[220]
Sinukan – tasked her lover Bayani to complete a bridge[221]
Bayani – lover of Sinukan who failed to complete a bridge; engulfed by a stream caused by the wrath of Sinukan[221]
Ulilangkalulua – a giant snake that could fly; enemy of Bathala, who was killed during their combat[98][222]
Galangkalulua – winged god who loves to travel; Bathala's companion who perished due to an illness, where his head was buried in Ulilangkalulua's grave, giving birth to the first coconut tree, which was used by Bathala to create the first humans[98][222]
Bighari – the flower-loving goddess of the rainbow; a daughter of Bathala[223]
Liwayway – the goddess of dawn; a daughter of Bathala[223]
Tag-ani – the god of harvest; a son of Bathala[223]
Kidlat – the god of lightning; a son of Bathala[223]
Hangin – the god of wind; a son of Bathala[223]
Bulan-hari – one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak; can command rain to fall; married to Bitu-in[224]
Bitu-in – one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak[224]
Alitaptap – daughter of Bulan-hari and Bitu-in; has a star on her forehead, which was struck by Bulan-hari, resulting to her death; her struck star became the fireflies[224]
Sawa – a deity who assumed the form of a giant snake when he appeared to a priestess in a cave-temple[225]
Rajo – a giant who stole the formula for creating wine from the gods; tattled by the night watchman who is the moon; his conflict with the moon became the lunar eclipse[226]
Unnamed Moon God - the night watchman who tattled on Rajo's theft, leading to an eclipse[226]
Nuno – the owner of the mountain of Taal, who disallowed human agriculture at Taal's summit[221]
Hari sa Bukid – a king who disallowed the people from planting at the summit of his kingdom's mountain; unless his people showed their industry and hard work, he remains smoking tobacco in the center of the Earth[80]
Great Serpent of Pasig – a giant serpent who created the Pasig river after merchants wished to the deity; in exchange for the Pasig's creation, the souls of the merchants would be owned by the serpent[227]
Golden Calf of Banahaw – an enormous golden calf who serve as guardian of Mount Banahaw[80]
Doce Pares – the twelve brave young men who embarked on a quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Banahaw, headed by the culture-hero Rizal; said to return to the people as giants, together with the Golden Calf, to aid their people in war[80]
Rizal – a culture-hero who led the quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Banahaw; traditions state that once a world war breaks, he and the Doce Pares will come down from the mountain with the Golden Calf to aid his people in their struggle; another versions states he will aid the people, arriving through a ship[80]
Pablo Maralit – an epic hero who became the ruler of Lipa; has various powers and amulets[166]
Catalina – wife of Pablo Maralit[166]
Balo-na – a wise old woman who foresaw the arrival of the warriors of La-ut that would conquer and ransack the land of Pinak[224]
Dana – a princess who revered the sun god through dances at the Rock of Bathala; impregnated by the sun god and banished from the kingdom, causing the flowers of the rivers to wither; she was later asked to return and continue her sun worship[227]
Loku – a ruler from Quiapo who started to believe in a foreign god; when his people were attacked by foreigners, he was defeated as he could not ask the help of the anitos[227]
Tau-buid Mangyan (Batangan)
Immortals
Rawtit: the ancient and gigantic matriarch who wields a huge knife, wears a lycra, and has magical power to leap miles in one bound; she brings peace to the forest and all its inhabitants[228]
Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked deities, composed of two gods who come from the sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates[229]
Buhid Mangyan
Immortals
Sayum-ay and Manggat: the ancestral ancient couple who named all trees, animals, lakes, rocks, and spirits[230]
Labang: evil spirits which manifests in animal forms whose bites are fatal, as the bite marks on humans can become channels for bad spirits[231]
Lahi: spirits which are potential allies and protectors against the Labang[231]
Afo Daga: owner of the earth;[230] can cast earthquakes, typhoons, and disease outbreaks when mankind defies the moral codes; appeased though the igluhodan ritual[231]
Afo Fungsu: owner of mountain peaks[230]
Afo Sapa: owner of rivers[230]
Falad: souls of the dead[230]
Malawan: spirits that live in the springs in the deep forest[230]
Taw Gubat: jungle men who live deep in the forest[230]
Bulaw: those who live in mountain peaks; depicted as shooting stars because they fly from one peak to another and lights its way with a torch made from human bone[230]
Mortals
Bulang: a man who got stuck underwater during a torrential rain, resulting to his body become a rock called Bato Bulang; his rock serves as a stopper to a hole beneath it at the Binagaw river, where if it is to be removed, the whole area will be submerged in water[230]
Hanunoo Mangyan
Immortals
Mahal na Makaako: the supreme deity who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them[199]
Binayo: owner of a garden where all spirits rest[199]
Binayi: a sacred female spirit who is the caretaker of the Kalag Paray; married to Balingabong[199]
Balungabong: spirit who is aided by 12 fierce dogs; erring souls are chased by these dogs and are eventually drowned in a cauldron of boiling water; married to Binayi[199]
Kalag Paray: rice spirits; appeased to ensure a bountiful harvest[199]
Labang: evil spirits who can take the form of animals and humans[199]
Apu Dandum: spirit living in the water[199]
Apu Daga: spirit living in the soil[199]
Daniw: spirit residing in the stone cared for by the healers[199]
Mortals
Anay and Apog: the only two humans who survived the great flood which killed every other human; lived on top of Mount Naapog[232]
Inabay: wife of Amalahi; met a ghoul, who she requested betel nuts to chew on, as per custom; later turned into a ghoul due to the ghoul's betel nuts[232]
Amalahi: husband of Inabay; killed by his wife, who had turned into a ghoul[232]
Daga-daga: eldest child of Inabay and Amalahi; sister of Palyos; called on the help of the Timawa to escape from her mother, and took care of her child brother in the forest[232]
Palyos: younger child of Ibanay and Amalahi; brother of Daga-daga; befriended a wild chicken who he became friends with until he became tall; eventually, his friend chicken left the world of the living, leaving on its two wings, which when Palyos planted, sprouted and fruited rice, clothing, beads, and many others, which he and his sister shared with others[232]
Timawa: the elves who aided the child Daga-daga and her small brother Palyos to escape from their mother, Inabay, who had turned into a ghoul[232]
Amalahi: a grinning man who tricked the giant Amamangan and his family, which led to their death[232]
Amamangan: a giant whose entire family were tricked by Amalahi, leading to death[232]
Daldali: the fast one, who is always in a hurry, which usually results into deplorable things; cousin of Malway-malway[232]
Malway-malway: the slow one, whose acts are normal and proper; cousin of Daldali[232]
Monkey and Crocodile: two characters where Monkey always outwits[232]
Juan Pusong: a trickster character[232]
Bicolano
Immortals
Gugurang: the supreme god; causes the pit of Mayon volcano to rumble when he is displeased; cut Mt. Malinao in hald with a thunderbolt;[233] the god of good[234]
Asuang: brother of Gugurang; an evil god who wanted Gugurang's fire, and gathered evil spirits and advisers to cause immortality and crime to reign; vanquished by Gugurang but his influence still lingers[233]
Assistants of Gugurang
Linti: controls lightning[233]
Dalodog: controls thunder[233]
Unnamed Giant: supports the world; movement from his index finger causes a small earthquake, while movement from his third finger causes strong ones; if he moves his whole body, the earth will be destroyed[235]
Languiton: the god of the sky[235]
Tubigan: the god of the water[235]
Dagat: goddess of the sea[235]
Paros: god of the wind; married to Dagat[235]
Daga: son of Dagat and Paros; inherited his father'control of the wind; instigated an unsuccessfully rebellion against his grandfather, Languit, and died; his body became the earth[235]
Adlao: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun;[235] in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seas[236]
Bulan: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the moon;[235] in another myth, he was alive and from his cut arm, the earth was established, and from his tears, the rivers and seas were established[236]
Bitoon: daughter of Dagat and Paros; accidentally killed by Languit during a rage against his grandsons' rebellion; her shattered body became the stars[235]
Unnamed God: a sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remained[237]
Magindang: the god of fishing who leads fishermen in getting a good fish catch through sounds and signs[238]
Okot: the forest god whose whistle would lead hunters to their prey[238]
Bakunawa: a serpent that seeks to swallow the moon[238]
Haliya: the goddess of the moon[234]
Apolaki: a mountain monster[74]
Batala: a good god who battled against Kalaon[238]
Kalaon: an evil god of destruction[238]
Son of Kalaon: son of Kalaon who defied his evil father's wishes[238]
Onos: freed the great flood that changed the land's features[239]
Oryol: a wily serpent who appeared as a beautiful maiden with a seductive voice; admired the hero Handyong's bravery and gallantry, leading her to aid the hero in clearing the region of beasts until peace came into the land[239]
Mortals
Baltog: the hero who slew the giant wild boar Tandayag[239]
Handyong: the hero who cleared the land of beasts with the aid of Oryol; crafted the people's first laws, which created a period for a variety of human inventions[239]
Bantong: the hero who single-handedly slew the half-man half-beast Rabot[239]
Dinahong: the first potter; a pygmy who taught the people how to cook and make pottery
Ginantong: made the first plow, harrow, and other farming tools[240]
Hablom: the inventor of the first weaving loom and bobbins[241]
Kimantong: the first person to fashion the rudder called timon, the sail called layag, the plow called arado, the harrow called surod, the ganta and other measures, the roller, the yoke, the bolo, and the hoe[241]
Sural: the first person to have thought of a syllabary; carved the first writing on a white rock-slab from Libong[241]
Gapon: polished the rock-slab where the first writing was on[241]
Takay: a lovely maiden who drowned during the great flood; transformed into the water hyacinth in Lake Bato[241]
Rosa: a sun god's lover, who perished after the sun god accidentally burned her entire village[237]
Malinay: a fearless girl who explored the forests and caves filled with spirits; known in the tale of the origin of bananas[241]
Waray
Immortals
Makapatag-Malaon: the supreme deity with both male and female aspect; the male aspect is Makapatag, the leveler who is fearful and destructive, while the female aspect is Malaon, the ancient understanding goddess[8][73]
Badadum: a guide of the dead; gathers the souls of the newly dead to meet their relatives at the mouth of a river in the lower world[8]
Hamorawan Lady: the deity of the Hamorawan spring in Borongan, who blesses the waters with healing properties[242]
Berbinota: the beautiful goddess who rules the island of Biri, whose formations were made during the battle of the gods[243]
Maka-andog: an epic giant-hero who was friends with the sea spirits and controlled wildlife and fish; first inhabitant and ruler of Samar who lived for five centuries; later immortalized as a deity of fishing[244]
Rizal: a culture-hero who is prophesied to someday return to aid his people in their struggle[80]
Igsabod: one of the 10–11 giant siblings of Maka-andog; friends with the sea spirits[245]
Paula Tomaribo: giant wife and, in some tales, the sibling of Maka-andog; in another tale, she was of Moro origin[245]
Banogbarigos: brother of Maka-andog; became the first aswang[245]
Pagsabihon: one who punishes those who speak of him[245]
Delbora: the one who kaingin farmers offer food; wife of Delalaman[245]
Sanghid: wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed; has the power to move back the sun[245]
Mother of Maka-andog: a gigantic being whose head alone is as large as a hill; lived in Mt. Hurao[245]
Father of Maka-andog: lived in Mt. Hurao in the middle of Samar; more powerful than his sons, including Maka-andog[245]
Tigalhong: brother of Maka-andog; first inhabitant of Leyte[245]
Delalaman: a giant who defeated a priest in a challenge; remained faithful to the old faith, and was never baptised, just like Maka-andog and the other ancestors[245]
Dawisan: one of 9–12 children of Maka-andog who inherited his father's strength and magic[245]
Yugang: a wife of Maka-andog associated with the gold loom[245]
Eskaya
Immortals
Ai Suno: the supreme child deity also called Salvador Suno; later conflated with the Child Jesus due to Christian influence[246]
Baroko: the bird who aided in the retrieval of the Lingganay nga Ugis (silver bell), which it dropped at Kamayaan river and can only be retrieved by Ai Suno when he returns on land, free his people from bondage and give them their second bodies; if the bell is retrieved by someones else, a great deluge will occur[246]
Mortals
Pinay: the founder of the Eskaya language and script; in some sources, Datahan, a historical person who founded an Eskaya school, is said to be a reincarnation of Pinay[247]
Tumud Babaylan: custodian of a sacred silver bell who was stolen by a Spanish priest named Prayleng Vicente; retrieved the stolen by through the aid of a bird called Baroko, who flew with the bell[248]
Humabad: a priest-ruler of Opon, known for his treachery of welcoming the foreigner Magellan and conducting a blood compact with him[248]
Umanad: the epic hero and ruler of Cortes who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan; he allied himself with Lapu-Lapu of Mactan and bravely waged war against Humanad upon his return to Bohol, which ended with Humabad's death and a mortally wounded Umanad[248]
Daylinda: wife of Umanad who was baptized by Magellan; was afterwards gently cast away by Umanad; committed ritual suicide due to the death of her husband[248]
Dangko: the ruler of Talibon who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan[248]
Iriwan: an aide provided by Lapu-lapu to Umanad; became a good friend of Umanad; aided Umanad in his battle against Humabad; sailed Umanad's mortally-wounded body to Cortes through the mystical snaking river Abatan-Waji[248]
Bisaya
Immortals
Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightning;[249] in some myths, is married to Maguyaen;[1] also referred as Bathala in one myth;[250] also referred as Abba in one chronicle[251]
Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of Kaptan[252]
Messengers of Kaptan
Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swords[252]
Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords[252]
Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the sea[252]
Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the sea[1]
Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened[249]
Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islands[249]
Helpers of Manaul
Kanauay[249]
Amihan[249]
Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of Maguayan[252]
Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of Kaptan[252]
Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earth[252]
Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sun[252]
Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon[252]
Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the stars[252]
Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the good[250]
Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night[250]
Bakunawa: the serpent deity who can coil around the world; sought to swallow the seven moons, successfully eating the six, where the last is guarded by bamboos[250]
Divities under Kaptan
Makilum-sa-twan: the god of plains and valleys[1]
Makilum-sa-bagidan: the god of fire[1]
Makilum-sa-tubig: the god of the sea[1]
Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the god of streams[1]
Magdan-durunoon: the god of hidden lakes[1]
Sarangan-sa-bagtiw: the god of storms[1]
Suklang-malaon: the goddess of happy homes[1]
Alunsina: the goddess of the sky[1]
Abyang: another deity under Kaptan[1]
Maka-ako: also called Laon; the creator of the universe[8]
Linok: the god of earthquakes[8]
Makabosog: a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungry[8]
Sidapa: the goddess of death; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Makaptan[1]
Makaptan: the god of sickness; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Sidapa; he is a brother of Magyan and Sumpoy[1]
Deities under Sidapa and Makaptan
Danapolay: the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and Makaptan[1]
Tagusirangan[1]
Duwindihan[1]
Dalongdongan[1]
Tagabititlakan-ka-adlaw[1]
Suta[1]
Agta[1]
Tabukuun[1]
Sappia: the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds, giving the origin of white rice; when milk ran out, blood came out from her breast, giving the origin of red rice[1]
Tan Mulong: guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned; has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitals[8]
Pandaque: messenger of Sidapa; sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld, Kahilwayan, from the lower world, Kasakitan; lives in Kasakitan, despite being a messenger of Sidapa, who lives in the middleworld, Kamaritaan;[1] also referred as Pandagoy[251]
Magyan: carries the souls of the dead to the lower world, Kasakitan, on his boat called balanday; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Sumpoy; he is a brother of Makaptan and Sumpoy[1]
Sumpoy: takes the souls from Magyan's balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu-nituhan; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Magyan; he is a brother of Magyan and Makaptan[1]
Sisiburanen: ruler of Kanitu-nituhan, a sub-realm of the lower world, Kasakitan; acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld; feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu-nituhan for years[1]
Kuruntang
Simuran: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan[1]
Siguinarugan: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan;[1] also referred as Siginarugan and Siginarungan[251]
Other inhabitants of Kasakitan
Abyang Durunuun: the goddess of charms[1]
Saragnayan: the god of darkness who protected his wife, Nagmalitong Yawa Sinagmaling, from all adversaries in Panay mythologies; his source of immortality was inputted on a wild boar, and upon the killing of the boar, he became mortal and was killed by Buyung Baranugon[253][1]
Pinganun-pinganun: the god of enchanted places[1]
Unmagad Palinti[1]
Sumpay Pako-Pako[1]
Gods of War
Balangaw: the rainbow[254]
Inaginid[254]
Makanduk[254]
Lalahon: the goddess of fire, volcanoes, and the harvest;[255] also referred as Laon[251]
Santonilyo: a deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at sea;[256] deity of the white men, referring to Spanish colonizers[251]
Gunung: a deity of volcanoes[251]
Magbibaya: a deity similar to the god Magbabaya of the Bukidnon[251]
Lumawig: a deity mentioned in the Aginid[251]
Linug: a deity of earthquakes[251]
Cacao: the goddess of Mount Lantoy who sells her products through a golden ship which can flood rivers[257]
Mangao: husband of Cacao[257]
Rizal: a culture-hero who is said to return in favor of his people's struggle for genuine freedom; based on a historical person[80]
Leon Kilat: a hero who is said will return to the people together with Rizal and Bonifacio in Cebu; based on a historical person, Pantaleon Villegas[80]
Buhawi: also called Kano, a hero who will someday return to aid his people in their struggle in Negros; based on the historical person, Ponciano Elopre[80]
Divata (general): a term that can be used to refer to any deity, especially an image of a god[258]
Mortals
Sicabay: the first woman[252]
Sicalac: the first man[252]
Libo: the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[252]
Saman: the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[252]
Pandaguan: a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac; a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark; father of Arion; challenged to overpower the gods, and was punished by zapping[252]
Arion: son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a white-skinned race[252]
Son of Saman and Sicalac: was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a yellow-skinned race[252]
Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu;[251] defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature; a verified historical person[259]
Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical person[251]
Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra[251]
Sri Bantug: a ruler of Sugbo[251]
Binibini Anduki: sister of Sri Lumay[251]
Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children[251]
Sawili: son of Lapulapu and Bulakna[259]
Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards Bulakna[251]
Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before Lapulapu;[251] in other versions, he is Lapulapu's uncle or friend and right-hand man; has supernatural powers, various amulets of whirlpools and oil, and a flying horse[259]
Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang Matana;[251] also called Matang Mantaunas or Bauga[259]
Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of Lapulapu[259]
Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one tale[251]
Sri Lamaraw Dula: brother of Humabon[251]
Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[259]
Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[259]
Umindig: chief of Bo. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[259]
Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[259]
Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[259]
Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stone[259]
Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wanted to continue controlling the people so he wished for horns to frighten them; his wish backfired, with the people withdrawing their support, which later led to his death[76]
Magahat
Immortals
Diwat: the god of the forest who owns all lands; the Diwata festival is offered to the deity[260]
Ati
Immortals
Magwala: also called Magdili, the supreme spirit[261]
Abog: chief herdsman of wild pigs and deer; the daga or diwata ritual is offered to invite the herdsmen spirits, headed by Abog[261]
Assistants of Abog
Makalisang[261]
Kangil-Iran[261]
Spirits of the Forest: the first-fruits sacrifices of the hunt are offered to them through bits of meat, which would bring good luck to the people[261]
Bakero[261]
Tawo-nga-talonon[261]
Taglugar: also called Tagapuyo; spirits inhabiting certain places[262]
Mortals
Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[263]
Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[263]
Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo and an excellent negotiator; came from a commoner family[263]
Ilonggo (Hiligaynon)
Immortals
Laon: the supreme goddess and creator residing in Mount Kanlaon; governs the harvest, pestilence, and locusts;[254] also referred to as the god Lalaon[80]
Makaako: the creator and the most powerful god[254]
Kaptan: god of the earth[254]
Magyawan: god of the sea[254]
Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[254]
Sidapa: god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia-as; determines the day of a person's death by marking every newborn's lifespan on a very tall tree on Madya-as[254]
Pandaque: god who is given ritual offerings so that a soul of the deceased will not be taken by the gods responsible for torment in the afterlife[254]
Gods of Torment
Simuran[254]
Siginarugan[254]
Bulalakaw: god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia-as;[254]malevolent deity in the form of a bird with a flaming tail[264]
Mama Guayen: a god that carries the souls of the dead in a boat to the ends of the earth;[8] also called Maguayen[254]
Sumpoy: god who guides the soul toward a very high mountain[254]
Sisiburanen: the god who rules the mountain where Sumpoy drops off the souls of the dead[254]
Mangalos: the spirits who eat the insides of children; takes away young lives[254]
Hangin: the spirits of the death wind; takes the life of the elderly[254]
Sitaho: also called Sibo Malabag; the god of the early migrants from Borneo[265]
Cabus-Cabus: deified shaman[265]
Dangse: deified shaman[265]
Estrella Bangotbanwa: deified shaman from the 19th century[265]
Gods of War
Balangaw: the rainbow[254]
Inaginid[254]
Makanduk[254]
Canla and Ona: the couple hidden under a clod of earth thrown down by the god Lalaon as punishment to the people who showed malice towards the couple; said to go forth onto the world only after the people become good and envy in the world disappear[80]
Hari-sa-Boqued: an emissary of Canla and Ona; Mount Canlaon is said to burst whenever word has been sent from Canla and Ona to Hair-sa-Baqued, asking if the people have become good and envy is no longer in this world; in other versions, he is also a king of a prosperous kingdom, where his followers are humans, but in one case, he also has loyal dwarfs as followers; disallowed the people from planting tobacco near the summit, but was disobeyed, resulting in an eruption[80]
Mortals
Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[263]
Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[263]
Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family[263]
Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea[263]
Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay[263]
Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao[263]
Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan[263]
Lumbay: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan[263]
Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik[263]
Damangsil: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Dalugdog: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong[263]
Padohinog: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Dumocsol: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Kalengsusu: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who yearned to have more power to control the people; he wished for horns to frighten his constituents, which instead led to the people withdrawing their support; died while still wanting to keep his power[76]
Capiznon
Immortals
Laon: the supreme deity; a goddess said to reside in the mountain at the neighboring island of Negros[266]
Bulalakaw: a bird god who looks like a peacock and can cause illnesses; lives in Mount Madja-as[266]
Mediators to the Gods
Bangutbanwa: ensures good harvests and an orderly universe[266]
Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons; punishes enemies[266]
Soliran: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies[266]
Solian: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies[266]
Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[266]
Tungkung Langit: the god of the sky who brings famine, drought, storms, and floods[266]
Lulid-Batang: the god of the earth, responsible for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions[266]
Linting Habughabug: the god of lightning, whose look kills people and who shouts in anger[266]
Launsina: the goddess of the sun, moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her[266]
Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan: the goddess of greed to whom people pray when they want to get rich[266]
Saragnayan: the god of darkness who has the power to replace brightness with darkness[266]
Lubay-lubyuk Hanginun si Mahuyuk-huyukun: the goddess of the evening breeze; cools people, especially during the summer[266]
Suklang Malayun: the guardian of happy homes[266]
Maklilum-sa-twan: the god of the plains and valleys.[266]
Agurang: the good spirit who fought against Asuwang[267]
Asuwang: the malevolent spirit who fought against Asuwang[267]
Aklanon
Immortals
Gamhanan: the supreme deity and giver of life, security, and livelihood; lives with many other gods in Mount Daeogdog, where he gives life and punishes errant mortals; used to have a loyal deer-like pet and messenger called Panigotlo, which bleated as a sign of abundance to mortals or foretells floods and despairs to alert the people[268]
Bululakaw: lived in the island's sacred mountain called Madya-as[266]
Laon: a chief goddess[266]
Mediators to the Gods
Bangutbanwa: deity who is prayed to for a good harvests and an orderly universe[266]
Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons and punishes enemies[266]
Soliran: performs marriage ceremonies[266]
Solian: performs marriage ceremonies[266]
Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[266]
Mortals
Damhanan: the hunter who killed Panigotlo, the sacred deer-like pet of Gamhanan[268]
Daeogdog: a man with violent temper whose name means thunder; married to Mabuot; wanted to force a marriage between his daughter Agahon and a man named Maeopig[269]
Mabuot: a woman who was kind and gentle, married to Daeogdog; tried to prevent the marriage of Agahon with the hot-tempered Maeopig[269]
Agahon: daughter of Daeogdog and Mabuot; said to be as lovely as the dawn; was to be married to Maeopig even though she rejected the proposal; killed herself before the marriage; from her burial, grew the mango tree[269]
Maeopig: suitor of Agahon; had an uncontrollable anger and was chosen by Daeogdog to marry his daughter[269]
Karay-a
Immortals
Maka-ako: the supreme deity residing on the uppermost level of the cosmic universe's seven layers[270]
Alunsina: the mother goddess of the Hinilawod epic heroes; aided in the battle against Saragnayon[271]
Laonsina: a sky goddess and grandmother of Nagmalitung Yawa[272]
Unnamed Sky God: a sky god who prevented Balanakon from traveling to Labaw Donggon's territory[272]
Tagna-an: the creator god and a busalian shaman; the most powerful and versatile of all ma-aram shamans[270]
Hugna-an: the first man; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an[270]
Humihinahon: the first woman; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an[270]
Kapapu-an: the pantheon of ancestral spirits from whom the supernatural powers of shamans originated from; their aid enables specific types of shamans to gush water from rocks, leap far distances, create oil shields, become invisible, or pass through solid matter[270]
Papu Estrella Bangotbanwa: a deified shaman who controlled the forces of nature[270]
Sidapa: god who establishes a person's lifespan through a very tall tree on Mount Madia-as[254]
Pandaque: god who allows the souls of the dead to enter Mount Madya-as, the home of the dead, if a proper mag-anito ritual is held[254]
Simuran: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions[254]
Siginarugan: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions[254]
Bangle: carries the non-liquefied soul across the water; the way he carries the soul differs depending on the soul's answers to his questions[273]
Bagubu: deity of the stream which follows after the crossing with Bangle[273]
Mortals
Labaw Donggon: an epic hero who journeyed to many lands[271]
Gimbitinan: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Asu Mangga[271]
Anggoy Doronoon: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Buyung Baranugun[271]
Yawa Sinagmaling: the wife of the lord, Saragnayon; Labaw Donggon fell in love with her, leading to the battle between Labaw Donggon and Saragnayon[271]
Saragnayon: husband of Yawa Sinagmaling; became a mortal after the wild boar which safeguards his immortality was defeated[271]
Asu Mangga: hero son of Gimbitinan and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father[271]
Buyung Baranugun: hero son of Anggoy Doronoon and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father[271]
Humadapnon: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon and husband of Nagmalitung Yawa;[271] aided by an enchanted tree and three messengers birds in the courting of Nagmaliyung Yawa[272]
Nagmalitung Yawa: a powerful binukot who rescued her husband by transforming herself into a man named Buyung Sunmasakay;[271] defeated the thousand army in Tarangban; when her mother Matan-ayon was in old age, a ritual was conducted where Nagmalitung Yawa found out about Humadapnon's promiscuity; Matan-ayon's powers were transferred to her, and she ascended into heaven with the aid of her grandmother Laonsina[272]
Malubay Hanginon: a powerful binukot who captured and imprisoned by Humadapnon; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa under her male form[271]
Paglambuhan: a warrior who was keeping the Timpara Alimuon sacred boat in his fortress; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap[271]
Matan-ayon: mother of Nagmalitung Yawa; thinking that Humadapnon has died, makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant to compel to her marriage with the revived Paglambuhan; Humadapnon later kills the couple, but is reunited with the revived Nagmalitung Yawa;[271] in the Sugidanon epic, she married the reluctant Labaw Donggon[272]
Dumalapdap: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon[271]
Tikim Kadlum: an enchanted dog that rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting[272]
Datu Paiburong: owner of Tikim Kadlum[272]
Amburukay: married to Labaw Donggon after she consented her golden pubic hair to be used in Labaw Donggon's kudyapi[272]
Pahagunon: an underworld being who abducts one of Labaw Donggon's wife, Ayon[272]
Ayon: abducted by Pahagunon after Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea turtle[272]
Giant Crab Master: a master who has a giant crab follower, who aids in the abduction of one of Labaw Donggon's wives; his loyal crab can transform into an island with betel-nut trees[272]
Sanagnayan: a being whose life-force is in an egg in a lion's heart; the sister of Matan-ayon is rescued by Labaw Donggon from Sanagnayan[272]
Balanakon: prevented by the god of the sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon's territory, resulting in a long-drawn battle[272]
Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[263]
Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[263]
Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family[263]
Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea[263]
Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay[263]
Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao[263]
Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan[263]
Lumbay: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan[263]
Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik[263]
Damangsil: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Dalugdog: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong[263]
Padohinog: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Dumocsol: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Kalengsusu: one of the ten Bornean datus[263]
Suludnon (Panay-Bukidnon)
Immortals
Tungkung Langit: the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata; he is of unknown origin, coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheon[274]
Assistants of Tungkung Langit
Bangun Bangun: the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements[274]
Pahulangkug: the deity who changes the seasons[274]
Ribung Linti: the deity of lightning and thunderstorms[274]
Sumalongsong: the deity of the rivers and seas[274]
Santonil.vo: the deity of good graces[274]
Munsad Burulakaw: the deity who has direct power over men; most respected and feared in the upperworld[274]
Bayi: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things; caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earth[275]
Laki: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things[275]
Primordial Earthworm: an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess, Bayi[275]
The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul
Mangganghaw: keeps track over man's affairs immediately after marriage; keeps track of pregnancy; he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother, peeping in the houses to see the child being born, which he then reports to Manglaegas[276]
Manglaegas: enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive, then reports to Patag'aes[276]
Patag'aes: awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant; if he discovers someone is eavesdropping, he will choke the child to death; their conversation creates the fate of the child, on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die, where the child will always get to choose the answers; once done, Patag'aes takes out his measuring stick, computes the child's life span, and then departs, sealing the child's fate[276]
Bangla'e: ferries the souls across Lim'awaen, a deep lake in the underworld; asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth, where the soul is ferried and talked to differently, depending on the answer and the gender of the soul; the soul cannot lie to Bangla'e, as he will summon the tuma, a body louse and the incarnation of the soul's conscience[276]
Unnamed God: another god that asks questions to the soul[276]
Balagu: guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen; asks the same question as Bangla'e to the soul[276]
Cuyonon and Agutaynen
Immortals
Diwata ng Kagubatan: goddess of the forest honored on top of Mount Caimana in Cuyo island[277]
Neguno: the god of the sea that cursed a selfish man by turning him into the first shark[278]
Pala'wan or Palawano
Immortals
Empuq: the supreme deity, lord, and owner; the creator of all things in the world;[279] also referred as Ampu, the master who wove the world and created several kinds of humanity, hence, he is also called Nagsalad (the weaver); he is a protective watching presence who lives in his abode Andunawan[280]
Diwata: benevolent and protective deity who stays in the median space called Lalangaw; the mediator between humans and the supreme deity[280]
Beljan: the spirits of all beljan (shamans); able to travel to the vertical universe, divided into fourteen different layers, in order to heal the world and to re-establish cosmic balance;[279] also referred to as Balyan[280]
Lenggam: demon-like beings of the forest who act as the caretakers of poisonous and biting animals such as scorpions and snakes;[279] also called Langgam or Saytan, they can be harmful to humans but also benevolent bringers of inspiration and knowledge[280]
Ampu at Paray: the master of rice[280]
Linamin at Barat: the lady-goddess of the monsoon winds[280]
Linamin at Bulag: the lady-goddess of the dry season[280]
Upu Kuyaw: the grandfather god of thunder[280]
Batak
Immortals
Maguimba: the god in the remotests times, lived among the people, having been summoned by a powerful babaylan (shaman); provided all the necessities of life, as well as all cures for illnesses; has the power to bring the dead back to life[281]
Diwata: a benevolent god who provides for the needs of women and men, and gives out rewards for good deeds[281]
Diwata (general): also a term which encompasses all spirits, good and bad[282]
Angoro: a deity who lives in Basad, a place beyond this world, where the souls find out whether they will enter the heavens called Lampanag, or be cast into the depths of Basad[281]
Deities of Strength
Siabuanan[281]
Bankakah[281]
Paraen[281]
Buengelen[281]
Baybayen[281]
Batungbayanin: spirit of the mountains[281]
Paglimusan: spirit of the small stones[281]
Balungbunganin: spirit of the almaciga trees[281]
Sulingbunganin: spirit of the big rocks[281]
Esa’: an ancestor whose movements created the landscapes, which he named during a hunting journey with his dogs, who were after wild pigs[283]
Baybay: the goddess and master of rice who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Ungaw[284]
Ungaw: the god and master of bees who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Baybay[284]
Panya’en: mystic entities who control certain wild trees and various animals[284]
Kiudalan: in charge of forest pigs[284]
Napantaran: in charge of forest pigs[284]
Tagbanwa
Immortals
Mangindusa: also referred as Nagabacaban, the highest-ranking deity who lives in Awan-awan, the region beyond the Langit; the god of the heavens and the punisher of crime;[285] also referred as Magindusa, the deity who gives humans their true souls called the kyaraluwa at birth, through the nose of the baby emerging from the vulva; never descends from Awan awan; he is depicted as sitting and swinging back and forth in a bintayawan[286]
Bugawasin: wife of Mangindusa[286]
Dibuwatanin: the messengers of Mangindusa[286]
Tungkuyanin: deity who sits on the edge of this sky-cover with his feet dangling into the universe; also sits looking down at the earth; if he were to raise his head and look up, he would fall into the nothingness[286]
Magrakad: a god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness[286]
Bangkay: spirits of the cloud region called Dibuwat; spirits of the people who have been killed by violence, poison, or those who died in giving birth[286]
Bulalakaw: also called Diwata kat Dibuwat; they fly-travel throughout the cloud regions to help the people[286]
Polo: the benevolent god of the sea whose help is invoked during times of illness[285]
Sedumunadoc: the god of the earth, whose favor is sought in order to have a good harvest[285]
Tabiacoud: the god of the underworld in the deep bowels of the earth[285]
Diwata Kat Sidpan: a deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan;[287] controls the rains[286]
Diwata Kat Libatan: a deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan;[287] controls the rain[286]
Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset[286]
Amyan: the hot, dry northeast winds[286]
Diwata katamyan: invoked when the wet period lasts too long and these Amyan hot-dry winds are needed[286]
Salakap: the spirits of epidemic sickness which arrive on earth through the northwest winds; initially were humans who were forced, thru a discriminatory decree or through their comrade's trick, to consume either the feces or flesh of a dead human, which turned them into Salakap[286]
Tumungkuyan: leaders of the Salakap who paint tree trunks the support the sky using the blood of the epidemic-dead[286]
Sumurutun: captain of the outrigger which transports the dead to Kiyabusan[286]
Fuku: deity of smallpox[286]
Lumalayag: warriors who challenge and fight the Salakap[286]
Tandayag: a deity who lives in Kiyabusan; sent by the supreme deity to live with the Salakap in order to prevent them from sailing except during the northeast winds, as per an agreement between the Salakap and the supreme deity[286]
Taliyakud: chief god of the underworld who tends a fire between two tree trunks; asks the souls of the dead questions, where the soul's louse acts as the conscience that answers the questions truthfully; if the soul is wicked, it is pitched and burned, but if it is good, it passes on to a happier place with abundant food[288]
Diwata: general term for deities; they created the first man made from earth and gave him the elements of fire, the flint-like stones, iron, and tinder, as well as rice and most importantly, rice-wine, which humans could use to call the deities and the spirits of their dead[286]
Surigaonon
Immortals
God of Animals: the deity of animals who allowed the creatures to speak but forbade them from dancing; when a king heard of an island filled with dogs, he ordered a captain to get some of them; the captain ordered the dogs which they did, angering the god of animals who struck their ship with lightning, killing the captain and turning the dogs and ship into an island called Tagbayanga, which now protects the town of Pilar from strong winds and waves[289]
Mount Diwata Deities: a group of deities (diwata) at the Diwata Mountains, whose privacy was subjugated by the noise created by the hornbills (kalaw); the oldest among them used her wooden staff and tapped in on the ground three times, which made their home flew up and became the island of Camiguin; a crater was left, which became Lake Mainit[289]
Pikit Octopus: a small octopus at the Pikit river who was raised by the fivider Sario, until grew massive; inflicted illness to anyone who it has stung; when Sario died, the octopus left the river[289]
Rizal: a culture-hero who in the future, will return to aid his people in their struggle[80]
Mortals
Sario: a diviner who raised the giant octopus in the Pikit river[289]
Mamanwa
Immortals
Tahaw: supreme deity who is given prayers of supplications and petitions[290]
True: deity of the forest and herder of hunting animals[290]
Subanon
Immortals
Diwata Magbabaya: the supreme deity and creator of heaven and earth;[291] also referred to as Diwata-sa-Langit, who lives in the sky;[1] also referred as Bathala; can turn anyone into stone through his lightning[289]
Apo Asog: also called Apo Usug; the great ancestor who is the representation of the supreme deity to be with the people during the sacred buklog rituals;[292] intervened to stop a war between the hero Sondayo and a datu (later revealed as a long-lost brother) which ignited during a buklog ritual;[293] also called as Apo Gambabaja, worshipped during nighttime and associated with the black garment which protects against the effects of the eclipse[294]
Palmot: one of trusted heavenly messenger of the supreme deity; an angel[291]
Tagma-sa-Dagat: the god of the sea[1]
Tagma-sa-Yuta: the god of the earth[1]
Tagma-sa-Manguabungud: the god of the woods[1]
Tagma-sa-uba: the god of the rivers[1]
Tagma-sa-langit: the god who protects the sick[1]
Jobrael: also called Jobraim; son of a human and a supernatural; stayed on earth for a thousand years, and was taken back to heaven by Palmot after he failed to raise the divine kettle provided by the supreme deity[291]
Mortals
Son of Jobrael: was to be taken back to heaven seven years after his father, Jobrael, was called back; retained his earthly status due to a seven-year plan initiated by his wife[291]
Wife of Jobrael's Son: devised the creation of the entire buklog rituals and its instruments, resulting to her husband's permanent residence on earth[291]
Gomotan Raja: an ancient leader who settled at the banks of Lapuyan river[291]
Gomotan Sangira: an ancient leader who settled in Megusan[291]
Palaganding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Rainding; a brave and proficient swordsman[291]
Rainding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Palaganding; a brave and proficient swordsman[291]
Gomeed: son of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordsman[291]
Bulaw: daughter of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordswoman[291]
Rajah Humabon: a Subanon who migrated to Cebu and became a ruler there[251]
Manuvu
Immortals
Manama: the supreme deity also referred as Sigalungan, meaning all seeing; created the diwatas to assist him in creation; created the earth from his fingernail scrapings[295]
Assistants in Manama's creation: all were given katusan (precognition and power); their bodies were life fingernails, smooth and shiny and only their joints have skin[295]
Pammaong na Diwata[295]
Paong na Katusan[295]
Panayangan[295]
Tumanud[295]
Anitu[295]
Ogassi: brother of Manama; incorporated abaca strans into the clay that would become humans, causing mankind's mortality[8]
Bukidnon
Immortals
Diwata na Magbabaya: simply referred as Magbabaya; the good supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called Banting;[296] holds up the serpent deities Intumbangol so they won't fall off the world;[297] also referred to as Bathala
Dadanhayan ha Sugay: the evil lord from whom permission is asked; depicted as the evil deity with a human body and ten heads that continuously drools sticky saliva, which is the source of all waters; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting[296]
Agtayabun: the adviser and peace maker deity with a hawk-like head, wings, and a human body; tempers the heads of Diwata na Magbabaya and Dadanhayan ha Sugay whenever the two argue; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting, where he holds the other two in a suspending fashion, while maintaining the balanace of Banting; the beating of his wings produce the wind[296]
Incantus: six of the seven original figures initially created by the three supreme deities; became guardian spirits and divinities when they were finished by Dadanhayan ha Sugay; they are both good and evil, but they take care of nature and will give its fruits if given respect through offerings; if offended, they can send droughts, flood, pestilence, or sickness[296]
Talagbugta: look after the soil[296]
Ibabagsuk: take care of nature and grow plants[296]
Bulalakaw: guards the water and all the creatures living in it[296]
Mamelig: watch over the forest[296]
Lalawig: watch over the bees and honey[296]
Mamahandi: guards over the material wealth that men acquire[296]
First Human: one of the seven original figures created by the three supreme deities; became the first human when finished by Diwata na Magbabaya; endowed with intelligence, and entrusted with the Haldan ta Paraiso[296]
Magbabaya (general): general term for the gods of the universe living at the points where the world's concavities meet; usually referred simply to the supreme deity named Diwata na Magbabaya[297]
Intumbangol: a pair of serpent deities who support the earth from the underworld; one is male, the other female; their movement causes earthquakes, their breathing causes winds, and their panting causes violent storms[297]
Miyaw-Biyaw: the deity who breathes the makatu (soul) into humans at birth[296]
Andalapit: leads the soul from the banquet in Kumbirahan into the foot of Mount Balatucan, where the gods of the seas are assembled to judge the soul[8]
Mangilala: god of temptation that haunts the seventh tier of the underworld; brother of Magbabaya, who he aided in the creation of humans, although when Mangilala breathed into the figures, humans became tempted to evil things[8]
Assistants of Magbabaya
Domalongdong: god of the north wind[1]
Ognaaling: god of the south wind[1]
Tagaloambung: god of the east wind[1]
Magbaya: god of the west wind[1]
Agents of Magbabaya
Tagumbanwa: guardian of the fields[1]
Ibabasag: goddess of pregnant women[1]
Ipamahandi: goddess of accidents[1]
Pamahandi: protector of carabaos and horses[1]
Tao-sa-sulup: god of material goods[1]
Tigbas: god of good government[1]
Busao: god of calamity[1]
Talagbusao: bloodthirsty god of war[1]
Camiguin: a mountain goddess who lived peacefully until the noisy kalaw disturbed her; sank and established Lake Mainit, and rose to sea, moving westward until she became the island of Camiguin[289]
Python of Pusod Hu Dagat: the gigantic python living at the center of the sea; caused a massive flood when it coiled its body at sea
Diwata (general): also a term that can be used to refer to the people of heaven[298]
Mortals
Agyu: subdued the Intumbangol[297]
Tuluyan: son of Agyu, who gave him the source of traditional authority called Takalub, composed of the boar-tusk bracelet Baklaw and the black stick Gilling, which gave its owner Kalaki (talent and power) to settle disputes[289]
Gahemen: a widow who survived the flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat[289]
Teheban: son of Gahemen after the great flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat[289]
Pabulusen: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of power[289]
A-ayawa-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of religious customs[289]
Tataun-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people often experienced hunger[289]
Bala-ol: brother of Mampolompon; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[289]
Mampolompon: brother of Bala-ol; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[289]
Tibolon: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[289]
Managdau: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[289]
Higaonon
Immortals
Halangdong Magbabaya: the supreme deity;[299] simply referred as Magbabaya, the creator of all things[300]
Diwata: became a friend of the carpenter, David[300]
Limokan: a pigeon who when cooed at, ensures a bountiful harvest[300]
Ibabasok: the good spirit of the harvest[300]
Mortals
Datu Indulum: formulated the laws of Mt. Sinakungan[300]
David: a carpenter who gained the ability to design and make houses after he buried a shining stone from the body of a huge spider into his muscles[300]
Talaandig
Immortals
Magbabaya: the supreme deity;[301] the sinebugan ritual is offered to the deity for the protection of those who enter the forest[302]
Dadagunan hu Suguy: deity who guards of the lawn of the house[301]
Anilaw ha Sumagda: deity who guards the door[301]
Sinyuda Kahibunan: deity who keeps the hall[301]
Diwata ha Manilib: deity who records the activity of people inside the house[301]
Diwata Pinatanlay: deity who guards the house at the ridge of the roof[301]
Lalawag: deity who safeguards wild pigs[302]
Mangumanay: deity who safeguards wild chickens[302]
Mangusal: deity who safeguards the honeybees; the palayag ritual is performed to honor the deity[302]
Bulalakaw: deity who safeguards the creatures in the rivers; the lalayon ritual is offered to the deity[302]
Apuhan: spirit guides; known to sanctify sacred forests as a source of spiritual strength and power[303]
Manobo
Immortals
Tagbusan: the supreme deity who rules over the destinies of all other gods and mortals[1]
Dagau: the goddess of creation living at the world's four pillars; established the world according to the version from Argawan and Hibung rivers; when human blood is spilled upon the face of the earth, she makes the great python wrap itself around the pillars, creating earthquakes[304]
Makalindung: the god of creation who set up the world on iron posts; lives in the center with a python; created the world according to the version from around Talakogan in Agusan valley[304]
Unnamed deities: in a third version of the creation myth, the world is a giant mushroom and unnamed deities are said to shake its core when angered by humans[304]
Ibu: the goddess who rulers over the land of the dead, where under her governance, there are no worries or troubles and souls in the underworld continue to eat, work, and marry[304]
Diwata: a group of divinities that shamans call to for signs of the future[1]
Umli: divinities who assist mortals with help from the Diwata[1]
Pamdiya: divinities who have purview over war; initiate war[1]
Panaiyung: divinities who have purview over madness; force madness upon men[1]
Agkui: divinities who have purview over sexual excess[1]
Tagbayaw: the goddess that incites incest and adultery in mortals[1]
Sugudun: also called Sugujun; the god of hunters and trappers[1]
Apila: the god of wrestling and sports[1]
Kakiadan: the goddess of rice[1]
Taphagan: the goddess of the harvest who guards rice in the granary[1]
Anit: also called Anitan; the guardian of the thunderbolt[1]
Inaiyau: the god of storms[1]
Tagbanua: the god of rain[1]
Umouiri: the god of clouds[1]
Libtakan: the god of sunrise, sunset, and good weather[1]
Yumud: the god of water[1]
Manduyapit: the god who ferries departed souls across the red river before going to the afterworld[1]
Datu Ali (Mampuroc): a hero who fought the Spanish and became a deity; his reincarnation, Mampuroc, is a shaman-hero who is said to one day return to the people to aid them in their struggle; based on a historical person[80]
Mandaya
Immortals
Magbabaya: the supreme deity[305]
Tagamaling: the fairy spirit who promotes goodness in individuals[306]
Diwata: spirits of the skies and earth who are everywhere; diwata who live in the skies are depicted on manaog statues, where offerings and prayers are made to prevent misfortune[307]
Asuang: malevolent beings who live on top of tall trees, bottoms of streams, dark places, and banyan trees; offerings are given to them if their places of residences is to used by humans[308]
Bu-sau: spirits who look after the welfare of bagani warriors[309]
Kalaloa Nang Umay: literally means, 'winnowing basket of the rice', they are the spirits of the harvest who are given offerings during planting and harvesting seasons; the first fruits of all harvest are always offered to them[310]
Daday: spirits of the dead[311]
Unnamed Woman: the woman who pressed the earth, creating mountains[297]
Primordial Eel: a great eel whose back holds the earth; its movements cause earthquakes if crabs and small animals annoy it[297]
Mansaka
Immortals
Taganlang: the creator god who has a helper bird named Oribig[312] also called Magbabaya, the creator of mankind[313]
Oribig: the celestial helper bird of Taganlang; flew to the far corner of the universe under the behest of Taganlang to get soil, which became the materials used by Taganlang to create earth[312]
Kalagan
Mortals
Kawlan: an epic hero and baylan (shaman) who defeated the monster Datu Waytiyap; husband of Bodi[289]
Ibang: father of Kawlan; a gifted baylan (shaman)[289]
Salma: mother of Kawlan[289]
Datu Waytiyap: a giant monster who can shapeshift into a human leader; defeated by Kawlan[289]
Father of Bodi: an old man who rescued Kawland from a monster monkey[289]
Bodi: wife of Kawlan[289]
Datu of the East: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the West; worked in the morning; allowed the other datu to gain more from harvest season due to the afternoon heat[289]
Datu of the West: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the East; worked in the afternoon; requested to have more share from the harvest due to the afternoon heat[289]
Bagobo
Immortals
Pamulak Manobo: supreme deity and creator of the world, including the land, sea, and the first humans; throws water from the sky, causing rain, while his spit are the showers;[314] controls good harvest, rain, wind, life, and death; in some myths, the chief deity is simply referred as the male deity, Diwata[1]
Melu: another name of the supreme deity, who created humans, aided by his brother Fun Tao Tana[8]
Manama: another name of the supreme deity who created the world and human beings[289]
Fun Tao Tana: aided Melu in the creation of humans; put on the noses of humans upside down, which Melu corrected[8]
Tuglay (Toglai): one of two primordial powers, where he represents the 'fire' sky and the upperworld; taught people the concepts of sex, fertility, and intercourse;[315] one of the two ancestors of mankind[316]
Tuglibong (Toglibon): one of two primordial powers, where she represents the earth and the underworld; she ordered Tuglay to go up, as the heat of the sky was not conducive for her people; she also represents the waning moon; together with Mandarangan, they represent totality;[315] one of the two ancestors of mankind[317]
Mebuyan: the virgin underworld goddess who governs Banua Mebuyan, a special place reserved for children who died at their mother's breast; she nourishes the souls of dead infants, until they no longer need nursing;[318] she is the daughter of Tuglibong & sibling of Lumabat, ruling over the earth as granted by her mother; she is the goddess of both life and death as she introduced the concept of death and made rice droppings its symbol, while depicting human lives as fruits of a tree in her hand; her action made the underworld one of two paths to the afterworld[315]
Lumabat (Lumabet): initiated the path to the sky, which made all humans mortal and he encourages the people to embrace death;[315] guided his people into the sky, where they became immortals;[319] she is the son of Tuglibong & sibling of Mebuyan; his action made the skyworld one of two paths to the afterworld[315]
Mandarangan: spirit of the sky and heat; also associated with smoke and fire; he is the chief of the 'mandarangan' gods named after him; he is good-hearted but can be wrathful if deceived or disappointed; his main festival is the Ginem or Kawayan; he also represents the waxing moon; together with Tuglibong, they represent totality;[315] patron god of warriors married to Darago; resides at Mount Apo's summit; human sacrifices to him are rewarded with health, valor in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth[318] he is also worshiped as 'Mandalangan' by the neighboring Kulaman people[315]
Darago: god of warriors married to Mandarangan;[318] the goddess of women[315]
Mandarangan (general): war gods named after their chief, Mandarangan, god of the sky, heat, and warriors; inspired warriors to be imbued with their personal war spirit, as each warrior has a personal Mandarangan as their protector[315]
Buso: god of night and darkness; chief of an evil race called buso; he is ugly, dull, and sinister and is associated with chaos and lonely or uninhabited places; he is the patron of witches; he also represents the dark moon; together with Malaki, they represent totality[315]
Assistants of Pamulak Manobo
Tigyama: the god of protection;[1] visited Lumabet, which resulted in the hero's journey[289]
Malaki t’Olug Waig: also called Malaki t’ohu A’wig, the hero who destroyed sickness[1] the god who opposes Buso; he is associated with light, mountains, depths, water, and fire; he is the chief of a good race called malaki; this god and his subjects are allies of mankind; he also taught mankind piety, obedience, the ways of life, and religion; he is also the patron of healers of shamans; he also represents the full moon; together with Buso, they represent totality[315]
Tarabumo: deity for whom the rice ceremony is held[1]
Panayaga: the god of brass casters[1]
Abog: the god of hunters[1]
Tonamaling: a deity who may be benevolent or malevolent[1]
Lumbat: a divinity of the skyworld who became a diwata when the chief deity cut out his intestines; eventually became the greatest of all Diwata[1]
Diwata (general): a class of deities; also a name associated with the chief deity[1]
Salamiwan[1]
Ubnuling[1]
Tiun[1]
Biat’odan[1]
Biakapusad-an-Langit[1]
Kadeyuna[1]
Makali Lunson[1]
Tolus ka balakat: the dweller of the ritual hanger[1]
Unnamed Gods: gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow[314]
Bia: sister of Malaki; the virgins who light up the candles of festivals and rituals depict the movements of Bia herself[320]
Apuy: spirit of the fire[321]
Unnamed Divinities: each realm in the skyrealms are ruled by a lesser divinity[322]
Taragomi: the god of crops[1]
Tolus ka Gomanan: the god of smiths[1]
Bait Pandi: the goddess of weavers who taught women weaving[1]
Sky Goddess: the sky herself; debated with Lumabet (Lumabat), until an agreement was reached, so that Lumabet and his people may enter the sky, except for the last man[289]
Father of Lumabet: was cut into many pieces many times under the order of Lumabet (Lumabat), until he became a small child[289]
Tagalion: son of Lumabet and searched for his father in Lumabet's abode underground; aided by white bees in finding his father in the sky[289]
Eels of Mount Apo: two giant eels, where one went east and arrived at sea, begetting all the eels of the world; the other went west, and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo[289]
Limocan: a venerated omen bird, who warned a chief about the dangers during the rescue of the chief's kidnapped daughter[323]
Mortals
Lakivot: a giant civet who pursued the flowers of gold guarded by the one-eyed ogassi and witches called busaw; turned into a young man after his eyebrows were shaved[289]
Girl Companion of Lakivot: requested Lakivot to bring the flowers of gold, which later resulted into their marriage[289]
Blaan
Immortals
Melu: the creator deity whose teeth are pure gold and whose skin is pure white; created humans with the god Tau Tana[8]
Dwata: the god of goodness; some sources say that the deity is older than Mele, although some say otherwise[324]
Mele: the god of evil; some sources say that the deity is oldern than Dwata, although some say otherwise[325]
Tau Tana: created humans with the god Melu amidst a great argument; put people's noses upside down, a mistake corrected by Melu;[8] also called Tau Dalom Tana[289]
Tasu Weh: creator of humans in another myth, where humans had male sexual organs on one knee, and female sexual organs on the other[326]
Fiu Weh: the god who created modern humans by separating the sexual organs;[326] also called Fiuwe[289]
Sawe: goddess who joined Melu to live in the world[327]
Diwata: goddess who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky[327]
Baswit: a primordial bird who lived on the first island as small as a hat called Salnaon; by the order of the gods, it brought earth, a fruit of rattan, and fruits of trees to Melu, who used the materials to create the world[289]
Fon Kayoo: spirit of the trees[327]
Fon Eel: spirit of water[327]
Fon Batoo: spirit of rocks and stones[327]
Tau Dalom Tala: spirit who lives in the underworld[327]
Loos Klagan: the most feared deity, uttering his name is considered a curse[327]
Mortals
Adnato: the first man[289]
Adwani: the first woman[289]
Tapi: child of Adnato and Adwani[289]
Lakarol: child of Adnato and Adwani[289]
Descendants of Tapi and Lakarol
Sinudal[289]
Moay[289]
Limbay[289]
Madinda[289]
Sinnamoway[289]
Kamansa[289]
Gilay[289]
Gomayau[289]
Salau[289]
Slayen[289]
Baen[289]
Kanial[289]
Latara[289]
T'boli
Immortals
Bulon La Mogoaw: one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[328]
Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[328]
Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword and shield; married to Boi’Kafil[328]
Boi’Kafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul[328]
Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to S’fedat; could not bear children[328]
S’fedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land on which plants spout from[328]
D’wata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of S’fedat onto the sea[328]
Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[328]
Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[328]
Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to S’lel[328]
S’lel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik[328]
B’lomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule[328]
Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to B’lomi[328]
Loos K’lagan: son of the supreme deities; married both La Fun and Datu B’noling[328]
La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[328]
Datu B’noling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[328]
Children of D’wata and Hyu We
L’tik[328]
B’langa[328]
Temo Lus[328]
T’dolok[328]
Ginton[328]
L’mugot M’ngay[328]
Fun Bulol:[328] the owner of wild animals[329]
Children of D’wata and Sedek We
Kayung[328]
Slew[328]
S’mbleng[328]
Nagwawang[328]
Nga Hule[328]
S’ntan[328]
Fu: spirits that inhabit and own the natural environment[330]
Fu El: the spirit of water[330]
Fu El Melel: the spirit of the river[330]
D’wata (general): the general term for the gods;[331] guard lives and determine fate and destiny[330]
Fu Dalu: the goddess of the abaca; speak and guide weavers on how to create patterns and designs, which are remembered in dreams[332]
Muhen: a bird god of fate whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune; any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen sing[333]
Glinton: the god of metalwork[333]
Teduray (Tiruray)
Immortals
Tulus: referred as the Great Spirit, who was neither male nor female and created all things, including the forest, those that we see (such as humans), and those that we can't see (such as spirits) from mud; created and re-created humans four times, first due to the non-existence of humans, second due to birthing issues, the third due to Lageay Lengkuos's initiation of the ascending of mankind into the Great Spirit's realm which resulted into the absence of humans on earth, and the last due to another initiation of mankind's ascending to the sky world which made the same effect as the third;[334] another name for Meketefu, but also a general term used to apply to the highest deity in each of the layers of the upper regions[335]
Minaden: creator of mankind, which was made from mud; creator of the earth put at the middle of daylight; provided mankind with their clothes and languages; her house welcomes living women who managed to arrive in the upper most level of the upper worlds[335]
Meketefu: the unapproachable brother of Minaden; also called Tulus, he corrected the sexual organs and noses of mankind; gave one group of people the monkey clothing which can turn anyone into monkeys, while gave another group bows and arrows[335]
Monkey Leader: also called Little Moneky, he is a culture hero who went to Tulus to intercede for his people, which resulted in his group to ascend the upper regions; two non-believer of his group were left on earth, but he returned to give them earth and a piece of iron which extended from earth to sky, which became the source of all iron[335]
Biaku: the magic bird who furnished the clothes and beads initiated by Minaden; when a neighboring people attacked the Teduray to take wealth, Biaku fled[335]
Metiatil: married to the hero Lageay Lengkuos;[335] also referred to as Metiyatil Kenogan[336]
Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the sun, and made the water into land and land into water;[335] also known as Lagey Lengkuwos, was impressed by the beauty of the region where the Great Spirit lives, and decided to take up his people there to live with the Great Spirit, leaving earth without humans[334]
Matelegu Ferendam: son of Lageay Lengkuos and Metiatil, although in some tales, he was instead birthed by Metiatil's necklace, Tafay Lalawan, instead[336]
Lageay Seboten: a poor breechcloth-wearing culture hero who carried a basket of camote and followed by his pregnant wife; made a sacred pilgrimage to Tulus, and awaits the arrival of a Teduray who would lead his people[335]
Mo-Sugala: father of Legeay Seboten who did not follow his son; loved to hunt with his dogs, and became a man-eater living in a cave
Saitan: evil spirits brought by foreign priests[335]
Guru: leader of the Bolbol, a group of humans who can change into birds or whose spirits can fly at night to hunt humans[335]
Damangias: a spirit who would test righteous people by playing tricks on them[336]
Male Beliyan (Shamans)
Endilayag Belalà[336]
Endilayag Kerakam[336]
Lagey Bidek Keroon[336]
Lagey Fegefaden[336]
Lagey Lindib Lugatu[336]
Lagey Titay Beliyan[336]
Omolegu Ferendam[336]
Female Beliyan (Shamans)
Kenogon Enggulon[336]
Bonggo Solò Delemon[336]
Kenogon Sembuyaya[336]
Kenogon Dayafan[336]
Bonggo Matir Atir[336]
Kenogon Enggerayur[336]
Segoyong: guardians of the classes of natural phenomena; punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards; many of them specialize in a class, which can be water, trees, grasses, caves behind waterfalls, land caves, snakes, fire, nunuk trees, deer, and pigs;[335] there were also Segoyang of bamboo, rice, and rattan; caretakers of various aspects of nature[334]
Segoyong of Land Caves: take the form of a feared snake known a humanity's grandparent; cannot be killed for he is the twin of the first people who was banished for playfully roughly with his sibling[335]
Segoyong of Pigs: takes its share of butterflies in the forest; feared during night hunts[335]
Segoyong of Deer: can change humans into deer and man-eaters; feared during night hunts[335]
Segoyong of Sickness: sends sickness to humans because in the early years, humans were not nice to him; talking about him is forbidden and if one should refer to him, a special sign of surrender is conducted[335]
Woman at Bonggo: the woman at Bonggo who gathers the spirits at the land of the dead in the sky; keeps the spirit of the body[335]
Woman beyond Bonggo: the woman beyond Bonggo who keeps the spirit of the umbilical cord[335]
Brother of Tulus: lives in the highest abode in the land of the dead, where those who died in battle reside[335]
Maginalao: beings of the upper regions who can aid someone to go up in the upper worlds without dying, where usually a female aids a person first, followed by her brother; they sometimes come to earth to aid the poor and the suffering[335]
Giant of Chasms: the first one to guard the chasms between the layers of the upper regions; a man-eating giant[335]
Spirit of Lightning and Thunder: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors[335]
Spirit Who Turns Earth into Water: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors[335]
One Who Forces the Truth[335]
One of Oratory[335]
Settlers of the Mountains: each of the eight layers of the upper regions have eight spirits referred as Settlers of the Mountains; they are four men and four women who are appealed to for pity in order to get to the highest ranking spirit in a layer[335]
Spirit of the Stars: a spirit higher in rank than the Settlers of the Mountains[335]
Spirit of the Umbilical Cord: the woman beside the deity Meketefu (Tulus); hardest to get pity from as the people were once unkind to her[335]
Malang Batunan: a giant who had a huge house; keep the souls of any false shamans from passing through the region of the Great Spirit[334]
Major constellation deities: six constellations asked by the hero Lagey Lingkuwus to remain in the sky to aid in the people's farming[337]
Fegeferafad: the leader of the constellations; actual name is Keluguy, the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; shaped like a human, the deity has a headcloth and chicken wings on his head, symbolizing courage[337]
Kufukufu: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[337]
Baka: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[337]
Seretar: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[337]
Singkad: spouse of Kenogon; another fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar[337]
Kenogon: spouse of Singkad; has a comb, which is always near Singkad[337]
Diwata: a great eight-headed fish[338]
Mortals
Flood Couple: after the great flood, a Teduray boy and Dulungan girl survived and married; their offspring who took after their father became the Teduray, while those who took after their mother became the Dulungan, who were later absorbed by the Manobo[335]
Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao[335]
Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray[335]
First Humans: the first couple's child died and from the infant's body, sprouted various plants and lime[335]
Pounding Woman: a woman who was pounding rice one day that she hit the sky with her pestle, which shamed the sky, causing it to go higher[335]
Alagasi: giant humans from western lands who eat smaller humans[335]
Tigangan: giants who take corpses, and transform these corpse into whatever they want to eat[335]
Siring: dwarfs of the nunuk trees[335]
Maguindanao
Immortals
Tohan: the supreme deity who is far way, and so lesser divinities and spirits hear people's prayers instead; was also later called as Allah by Muslim converts[339]
Dewa: a goddess; statues are called diwata[340]
Malaykat: each person is protected by these angelic beings from illness; they also guide people in work, making humans active, diligent, and good; they do not talk nor borrow a voice from humans, and they don't treat sick persons[339]
Tunung: spirits who live in the sky, water, mountain, or trees; listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium; protects humans from sickness and crops from pests[339]
Cotabato Healer Monkey: a monkey who lived near a pond outside Cotabato city; it heals those who touch it and those who give it enough offerings[339]
Patakoda: a giant stallion whose presence at the Pulangi river is an omen for an unfortunate event[289]
Datu na Gyadsal: the chief adversary, who was also later called as Satan by Muslim converts;[339] also called as Iblis by Muslim converts; offering are given to this spirit to appease and prevent it from performing calamities[341]
Saitan: possessing spirits[339]
Spirit of the Rainbow: a spirit who may cut the finger of those who use their index finger to point at the rainbow[339]
Jinn: a group of celestial beings[341]
Bantugen: an epic hero-god and the god of forefathers who the masses look up to and trust[339]
Leping: the twin-spirit of an infant[339]
Apo: anestral spirits who take the role of intermediaries who overcome evil spirits[339]
Pagari: also called Inikadowa, the twin-spirit who is sometimes in the form of a crocodile; if a person is possessed by them, the person will attain the gift of healing[339]
Mela: a golden bird who was give life by the gabi water; ridden by the son of Nabi Bakar, picking up one of the golden fish of the lake; can disguise itself as a girl[342]
Mortals
Tarabusao: a half-man, half-horse giant monster who rules Mindanao and feasted on male human flesh, which caused many to escape into the island of Mantapuli; beheaded by Skander[289]
Skander: the ruler of Mantapuli and an epic hero who went on a quest to slay the monster Tarabusao[289]
Bai Labi Mapanda: the fairest lady of Mantapuli who is married to Skander[289]
Kalanganan Kapre: a good giant who provided the people of Kalanganan I with security, guarding them against bad elements; eventually left Kalanganan when his home near the Pulangi river was cut down due to a surge in human population[289]
Rajah Indarapatra: brother of Rajah Solayman; gave his ring and sword called Jurul Pakal to his brother, who went on a quest to defeat the monsters in Maguindanao; also planted a tree which would only die if Rajah Solayman dies; searched for his brother, who he revived using heaven-sent waters at Mount Gurayn; he afterwards went into his own quest, where he slayed a seven-headed monster; he eventually returned to Mantapoli[289]
Rajah Solayman: brother of Rajah Indarapatra; went on a quest to defeat various monsters; slayed Kurita, Tarabusar, and Pah, but died when Pah's weight crushed him; revived when Rajah Indarapatra poured heaven-sent waters onto his bones, where afterwards, Rajah Solayman returned to Mantapoli[289]
Kurita: an amphibious animal with several limbs and lived on land and sea; haunts Mount Kabalalan, and slayed by Rajah Solayman;[289] sometimes depicted as an octopus[339]
Tarabusar: a humongous human-like creature who lived in Mount Matutum; slayed by Rajah Solayman[289]
Pah: a bird of prey as big as a house and whose wings caused darkness on the ground; lives in Mount Bita and slayed by Rajah Solayman at Mount Gurayn[289]
Monster of Mount Gurayn: a seven-headed monster at Mount Gurayn, who was slayed by Rajah Indarapatra[289]
Wife of Rajah Indarapatra: daughter of a local ruler who hid in a cave due to the number of monsters in Maguindanao; married to Rajah Indarapatra and gave birth to their children; they were entrusted to her father, the local ruler, after Rajah Indarapatra returned to Mantapoli[289]
Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray[335]
Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao[335]
Maranao
Immortals
Tohan: the supreme deity who is perfect, having no defect; can cause and stop earthquakes and pestilence; later also called as Allah by Muslim converts[343]
Sun Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers[343]
Moon Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman; angels serve as her charioteers[343]
Jinn: beings who live in the atmosphere which serves as a buffer zone between the skyworld and the earth, called Oraonan a Lantoy, known for possessing a garden of flowers and vegetables[343]
Walain sa Letingan: the princess-goddess living in a skyworld region called Magoyeda a Selegen[344]
Papanok sa Aras: children who died prematurely and were transformed into birds of paradise living in the skyworld region called Sorga[343]
Houris: heavenly maidens blessed with eternal beauty and perpetual virginity[345]
Lumpong: a large animal who carries the earth; accompanied by a small shrimp that sometimes claws on the earth-holder from time to time, causing the phenomena of earthquakes[346]
Sakar: a monster in the underworld where disrespectful children are trapped in its belly[343]
Walain Katolosan: the goddess who owns the amulet Sikag a Makaombaw[343]
Tonong: divine spirits who often aid heroes; often lives in nonok trees, seas, lakes, and the sky realm[343]
Apo: benign tornado and waterspout spirits; a classification of tonong; they are the ancestral spirits tasked to kill or drive away evil spirits[343]
Sakit: maligant harmful spirits responsible for diseases; a classification of tonong[343]
Saitan: malignant possessing spirits; a classification of tonong[343]
Inikadowa: the benign spirit double or guardian of a person, who is with the person when the baby is born; a classification of tonong; the placenta is their manifestation[343]
Tolos: a class of tonong who inhabit the sky realms; prayed to, especially in times of battle and protection for quests; referred to as gods[343]
Pinatola’ a Tonong: the ancestor of all unseen benevolent spirits; a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile at sea, a garuda in air, and a giant on land; a guardian spirit of Diwata Ndaw Gibon[343]
Pinatoli i Kilid: a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile; the guardian spirit of the king of Bemberan, Diwata Ndaw Gibon; clashed with Ladalad a Madali, grandson of Gibon; later gave valuable information to Madali; during the battle of Madali and Pirimbingan, Madali was aided by Pinatoli i Kilid against Pirimbingan's spirit guardian, Magolaing sa Ragat[343]
Magolaing sa Ragat: a tonong of the enchantress Walain Pirimbangan; took the form of a gigantic crocodile[343]
Sikag a Makaombaw: the intelligent and independent tonong (spirit) living within the Sikag a Makaombaw amulet, regarded as the most powerful amulet of all due to its ability to grant its wielder authority over all tonong[343]
Salindagaw Masingir: a tonong of the hero Awilawil o Ndaw; acts as the guardian-spirit of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan[343]
Walain sa Lekepen: a goddess courted by the hero Bantogen[343]
Diwata ko sa Magaw: spirit of destruction; a tolos or deity[343]
Mino’aw a Minepen: powerful spirit of the sky; a tolos or deity[343]
Naga: dragons who repel evil spirits; a specific huge Naga is said to encircle the world[343]
Sarimanok: sacred omen birds[343]
Arimaonga: a giant lion who causes lunar eclipses[343]
Gabriel: an angel who reported to the supreme deity the overpopulation of the kingdom of Mantapoli, which resulted in its transfer and the creation of Lake Lanao[343]
Malakal Maut: the angel of death; takes the souls of someone after three to seven days from the falling of the person's leaf from the sacred Sadiarathul Montaha tree in the realm called Sorga. Appears either a handsome prince or a grotesque monster, depending if the soul he is getting came from a sinner or a virtuous person. Punishes the souls of sinners until final judgment, while lifting up the souls of the good into heaven[343]
Tonong of Lake Lanao: there are many tonong of Lake Lanao, who are invoked during certain rituals such as the kashawing rice ritual[343]
Taraka[343]
Babowa[343]
Mipesandalan of Masiu[343]
Pagali: supernatural crocodiles[347]
Mortals
Aya Diwata Mokom sa Kaadiong a Lopa: father of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-tonong and a half-human[343]
Daromoyod an Olan: mother of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-jinn and a half-human[343]
Rulers of the Three Main Kingdoms from the Darangen: all three are siblings[343]
Diwata Ndaw Gibon: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Iliyan a Bembaran, which was a favord abode of the tonong; had two sons with his head-wife Aya Panganay Bai, and a total of five daughters from five other wives[343]
Awilawil o Ndaw: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan[343]
Dalondong a Mimbantas: a semi-divine hero ruled the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong, which possessed the enchanted river Pagayawan that refuses to flow without the presence of thunder[343]
Aya Panganay Bai: married to Diwata Ndaw Gibon, who she has two sons; came from a place known as Minango’aw a Ronong[343]
Tominaman sa Rogong: firstborn son of Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; succeeded his father as ruler of Iliyan a Bembaran[343]
Magondaya’ Boisan: secondborn son Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; expanded the kingdom of Bembaran together with his brother-king, Tominaman sa Rogong[343]
Pasandalan a Rogong: son of Tominaman sa Rogong[343]
Bantogen: son of Tominaman sa Rogong; he courted the goddess Walain sa Lekepen, and was assumed missing by his people, leading to a search journey; returned with Madali to their kingdom[343]
Ladalad a Madali: son of Magondaya’ Boisan; went into a journey to rescue his cousin Bantugen, and all those who first came to find Bantugen; can become invisible with the aided of his guardian spirits; aided by his grandfather's guardian spirit Pinatoli i Kilid who clashed with the Walain Pirimbangan's guardian spirit; shapeshifted into a woman to take the amulet of the goddess Walain Katolosan, foiling the plan of Pirimbangan[343]
Walain Pirimbangan: an enchantress from Danalima’ a Rogong who imprisoned Bantugen and all the leaders of Bembaran who rescued him; aided by her guardian spirit, Magolaing sa Ragat[343]
Maharadia Lawana: a man with eight heads who was banished for his bad mouth; tried to kill himself, but failed upon the intervention of the angel Gabriel[343]
Kapmadali: a hero who battled Pinatola’ a Tonong[343]
Pilandok: a cunning man who tricked various people from a blind man to a kingdom's ruler[289]
Rajah Indarapatra: ancestor of both tonong and the Maranao; a child of heaven who chose to be reincarnated as a mortal son of the ruler Nabi Bakaramat;[343] brother of Rajah Solaiman; before Rajah Solaiman went into a journey, Rajah Indarapatra planted a kilala sapling whose vitality is interpreted as Rajah Solaiman's life; when the plant died, Rajah Solaiman avenged his brother's death and slayed Omakaan without cutting the monster[289]
Rajah Solaiman: went into a journey to slay Omakaan, but was killed by Omakaan[289]
Laughing Woman: a woman who told Rajah Indarapatra what not to do to kill Omakaan[289]
Omakaan: a man-eating monster who multiplies when cut into pieces[289]
Kalalanagan: also called Princess Condor; all her previous husbands except Inodang died because she is the source of mosquitoes, which come from her nose[289]
Inodang: the last husband of Kalalanagan; burned Kalalanagan to prevent more deaths, but some of Kalalanagan's mosquitoes escaped, which means Kalalanagan still lives[289]
Turtle and Snake: friends who went into a race, where the patient turtle won[289]
Lapindig: husband of Orak and Odang; upon finding his wives' death, he tightened his waist to stave off hunger and became the wasp[289]
Orak: wife of Lapindig, killed herself after Odang's death[289]
Odang: wife of Lapindig, accidentally died due to a quarrel with Orak about cooking and transporting food for Lapindig[289]
Semsem sa Alongan: a magician; husband of Anak[289]
Anak: wife of Semsem sa Alongan and youngest daughter of Sultan sa Agamaniyog; died due to a plan of Potre Bunso, where Anak was grounded by stone doors due to her failure to ask permission from Ring of Fire, Sharp and Pointed Metals, and Flowing River; her long hair became the leaves of the sapinit[289]
Potre Bunso: jealous sister of Anak's good fortune[289]
Tingting a Bulawan: sister of Anak[289]
Yakan
Immortals
Baira: the great female ancestor who defined each community's unrestricted and nonlineal descent[348]
Saytan: various spirits in heaven and in the natural environment[349]
Malikidjabania: angels and spirits that have certain ownership and rights over children born either during the month of Sappal or any Saturday of the year; has serpent forms, and can be spoken with using a ritual with the aim of releasing their hold on a child[350]
Tausug
Immortals
Supreme Couple: the supreme deities whose marriage caused rain to exist, imparting life to the soil where plants eventually grew[351]
Indira Suga: the supreme sun goddess[352]
Jamiyun Kulisa: the supreme thunderbolt god[353]
Tuan Masha’ika: son of Indira Suga and Jamiyun Kulisa; he came out from a stalk of bamboo and is hailed as the people's prophet[354]
Indra: deity of the sky[355]
Agni: deity of fire[356]
Vayu: deity of the wind[357]
Surya: deity of the sun[358]
Biraddali: angelic beings with the shining beauty of the rainbow; they can take away their wings to bath in springs[359]
Saitan: spirits who are given offerings during the cultivation of rice and other occasions;[360] can bring misfortune, and thus are warded off from housing sites[361]
Sumayang Galura: the largest and greatest of all birds; wanted to overthrow a monarch, but was defeated by Bulantuk[362]
Bulantuk: the smallest of all birds; a hero who defeated Sumayang Galura, saving Sumayang Galura from death in the process[363]
Munkal: the being who takes the dead to the afterlife, where the right path leads to heaven and the left path leads to hell[364]
Mortals
Sipad the Older: an ancestor of Sulu's rulers[365]
Sipad the Younger: the ruler who met Tuan Masha’ika[366]
Iddha: daughter of Sipad the Younger; married Tuan Masha’ika[367]
Orangkaya Su’il: a ruler who had good relations with the ruler of Manila[368]
Bakakka: the kingfisher[369]
Bugguk: the heron who was awarded the seashore[370]
Bubulantuk: the woodpecker who was awarded a red cap[371]
Tihilaw: the oriole who was awarded a yellow dress[372]
Sambulaan: the hawk[373]
Sama-Bajau
Immortals
Dayang Dayang Mangilai: the goddess of the forest and one of the two supreme deities; married to Umboh Tuhan[374]
Umboh Tuhan: also called Umboh Dilaut, the god of the sea and one of the two supreme deities; married to Dayang Dayang Mangilai;[374] creator deity who made humans equal with animals and plants;[375] also simply called as Tuhan[376]
Primordial Stingray: the gigantic ancient stingray which towed the Sama-Bajau to land[377]
Naga: a gigantic dragon suspended in the sky; shoots pillars of fire from its eyes and excretes poison from its forked tongue; prophesied to descend on earth again to devour the wicked[378]
Umboh: the mediator between Tuhan and the people[379]
Umboh (general): a term sometimes used to encompass Umboh, Saitan, and Jinn spirits[380]
Umboh (general): ancestral spirits[380]
Saitan: nature spirits[380]
Jinn: familiar spirits[380]
Umboh Baliyu: spirits of wind and storms[381]
Umboh Payi: also called Umboh Gandum, the spirits of the first rice harvest[381]
Umboh Summut: totem of ants[381]
Umboh Kamun: totem of mantis shrimp[381]
Sumangâ: spirit of sea vessels; the guardian who deflects attacks[382]
Bansa: ancestral ghosts[374]
Tuan Laut: the principal spirit of trees where offerings for the Bansa are placed[383]
Burak: a being with a human face and a deer-sized body of a horse; its sweats drop like mother-of-pearls, its saddle is ornamented by rubies, and its eyes shine like the sun[384]
Kasagan: unseen spirits[385]
Omboh Adam: later associated as the highest male spirit of dead ancestors due to Muslim influences; messenger of the supreme deity[385]
Awa: later associated as the highest female spirit of dead ancestors dye to Muslim influences[385]
Niyawa: spirits[376]
Munkal: the being who takes the dead to the afterlife, where the right path leads to heaven and the left path leads to hell[386]
Bakunawa: a snake that swallows the moon during eclipses in Abaknon beliefs[387]
Mortals
Abak: the king of a people who inhabited Balabac; led his people's migration to Capul island, where their descendants now reside[388]
Bakakka: the kingfisher[389]
Bugguk: the heron who was awarded the seashore[390]
Bubulantuk: the woodpecker who was awarded a red cap[391]
Tihilaw: the oriole who was awarded a yellow dress[392]
Sambulaan: the hawk
Footnotes
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^Guillermo, A. R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press.
^Scott, W. H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
^Hislop, S. K. (1971). Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines. Asian Studies.
^Halili, M. C. N. (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
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^Garcia, J. N. C. (2008). Precolonial Gender-Crossing and the Babaylan Chronicles. Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM. The University of the Philippines Press.
^Limos, M. A. (2019). The Fall of the Babaylan. Esquire.
^Kenno, L. W. V. (1901). The Katipunan of the Philippines. The North American Review.
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^"Back to Batanes : In the Aftermath of Revolution, a Filipino-American Journalist Returns to His Homeland After More Than 30 Years". Los Angeles Times. April 6, 1986.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s tHornedo, F. H. (1980). Philippine Studies Vol. 28, No. 1: The World and The Ways of the Ivatan Añitu. Ateneo de Manila University.
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^Szanton, D. L., et al. (1973). Sulu Studies 2. Notre Dame of Jolo College.
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^Szanton, D. L., et al. (1973). Sulu Studies 2. Notre Dame of Jolo College.
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^Jubilado, R. C. (2010). On Cultural Fluidity: The Sama-Bajau of the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas. KUNAPIPI: Journal of Postcolonial Writing & Culture Vol. 32.
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