La Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2022 fue la 22.ª edición de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de la FIFA , el campeonato mundial cuatrienal para selecciones nacionales de fútbol organizado por la FIFA . Se llevó a cabo en Catar del 20 de noviembre al 18 de diciembre de 2022, después de que el país obtuviera los derechos de organización en 2010. [2] Fue la primera Copa Mundial que se celebró en los países de Oriente Medio y el Golfo Pérsico , y la segunda celebrada íntegramente en Asia después del torneo de 2002 en Corea del Sur y Japón . [A]
Este torneo fue el último con 32 equipos participantes, y el número de equipos se incrementó a 48 para la edición de 2026. Para evitar los extremos del clima cálido de Qatar , [B] el evento se llevó a cabo en noviembre y diciembre en lugar de durante los meses tradicionales de mayo, junio o julio. [C] Se llevó a cabo durante un período de tiempo reducido de 29 días con 64 partidos jugados en ocho sedes en cinco ciudades. Qatar ingresó al evento, su primera Copa del Mundo, automáticamente como el equipo nacional del anfitrión, junto con 31 equipos determinados por el proceso de clasificación .
Argentina se coronó campeona tras ganar la final contra el vigente campeón Francia por 4-2 en los penales tras un empate 3-3 en la prórroga. Fue el tercer título de Argentina y el primero desde 1986 , además de ser la primera nación de fuera de Europa en ganar el torneo desde 2002. El jugador francés Kylian Mbappé se convirtió en el primer jugador en marcar un triplete en una final de la Copa del Mundo desde Geoff Hurst en la final de 1966 y ganó la Bota de Oro al marcar la mayor cantidad de goles (ocho) durante el torneo. Mbappé también se convirtió en el primer jugador en marcar en dos finales consecutivas desde que Vavá de Brasil hizo lo mismo en 1958 y 1962. El capitán argentino Lionel Messi fue elegido mejor jugador del torneo, ganando el Balón de Oro . El torneo ha sido considerado excepcionalmente poético como la piedra angular de su carrera, para algunos comentaristas cumpliendo un criterio previamente no cumplido para ser considerado como uno de los mejores jugadores de todos los tiempos. [5] Los compañeros de equipo Emiliano Martínez y Enzo Fernández ganaron el Guante de Oro , otorgado al mejor portero del torneo ; y el Premio al Jugador Joven , otorgado al mejor jugador joven del torneo, respectivamente. Con 172 goles, el torneo estableció un récord para la mayor cantidad de goles anotados en el formato de 32 equipos, con cada equipo participante anotando al menos un gol.
La Copa Mundial de la FIFA es un torneo de fútbol profesional celebrado entre selecciones nacionales de fútbol, organizado por la FIFA . [14] [15] El torneo, que se celebra cada cuatro años, se jugó por primera vez en 1930 en Uruguay, [16] y ha sido disputado por 32 equipos desde el evento de 1998. [ 16] El torneo se disputó con ocho grupos de todos contra todos seguidos de una ronda eliminatoria para 16 equipos. [ 17] Los campeones defensores fueron Francia , que derrotó a Croacia 4-2 en la final de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2018. [18] [19] El evento estaba programado para llevarse a cabo con una duración reducida, [20] del 20 de noviembre al 18 de diciembre en Qatar. [21] [22] [23] Al celebrarse en Qatar, fue el primer torneo de la Copa del Mundo que se celebró en el mundo árabe . [24] Los espectadores no estaban obligados a seguir la mayoría de las restricciones de COVID-19 , como el distanciamiento social, el uso de máscaras y las pruebas negativas. [25]
Cronograma
A diferencia de las Copas Mundiales de la FIFA anteriores, que normalmente se juegan en junio y julio, debido al intenso calor del verano de Qatar y la humedad a menudo bastante alta , [3] [22] [26] la Copa Mundial de 2022 se jugó en noviembre y diciembre. [6] [27] Como resultado, la Copa Mundial se organizó inusualmente en medio de las temporadas de muchas ligas de fútbol de asociaciones nacionales, que comenzaron a fines de julio o agosto, incluidas todas las principales ligas europeas, que se habían visto obligadas a incorporar descansos prolongados en sus calendarios nacionales para acomodar la Copa Mundial. Las principales competiciones europeas habían programado sus respectivos partidos de grupo de competiciones para jugarse antes de la Copa Mundial, para evitar jugar partidos de grupo el año siguiente. [28]
El calendario de partidos fue confirmado por la FIFA el 15 de julio de 2020. [29] La fase de grupos estaba programada para comenzar el 21 de noviembre, con cuatro partidos cada día. Más tarde, el calendario se modificó al trasladar el partido Qatar vs Ecuador al 20 de noviembre, después de que Qatar presionara a la FIFA para que permitiera a su equipo abrir el torneo. [30] [31] [32] La final se jugó el 18 de diciembre de 2022, Día Nacional , en el Estadio Lusail . [29] [33] A diferencia de los torneos anteriores en los que las sedes de los partidos y los horarios de inicio de cada encuentro se establecían antes del sorteo, la asignación de los partidos de grupo para cada jornada a una sede y hora de inicio específicas solo se realizó después del sorteo final, con los equipos de cada encuentro específico conocido. Esto se debió a la proximidad de las sedes, lo que permitió a los organizadores optimizar la asignación de estadios para los espectadores y los horarios de inicio para las audiencias televisivas. [29]
Los partidos de cada grupo se asignaron a los siguientes estadios: [33]
La FIFA confirmó la sede y los horarios de inicio de la fase de grupos el 1 de abril de 2022, tras el sorteo. [34] [35]
Premio en dinero
En abril de 2022, la FIFA anunció los premios para todas las naciones participantes. Cada equipo clasificado recibió 1,5 millones de dólares antes de la competición para cubrir los costes de preparación y cada equipo recibió al menos 9 millones de dólares en premios. El pozo total de premios de esta edición fue de 440 millones de dólares, 40 millones de dólares más que el pozo de premios del torneo anterior . [36]
Cambios de reglas
El torneo contó con nuevas reglas de sustitución por las cuales los equipos podían hacer hasta cinco sustituciones en el tiempo normal y una sustitución adicional en el tiempo extra . [37] [38] [39] Además, fue la primera Copa del Mundo en contar con sustituciones por conmoción cerebral , por lo que a cada equipo se le permitió utilizar un máximo de un sustituto por conmoción cerebral durante un partido. Una sustitución por conmoción cerebral no contaba para la cuota de sustituciones regulares de un equipo. [40] El portero iraní Alireza Beiranvand sufrió una conmoción cerebral en el partido inaugural de su país contra Inglaterra y fue reemplazado por Hossein Hosseini . Este fue el primer uso de un sustituto por conmoción cerebral dedicado durante una Copa del Mundo. [41]
Después de que la UEFA tuviera garantizada la organización del evento de 2018, los miembros de la UEFA ya no estaban en competencia para organizar el torneo de 2022. [46] Quedaban cinco candidaturas para la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2022: Australia, Japón, Qatar, Corea del Sur y Estados Unidos. El Comité Ejecutivo de la FIFA, compuesto por 22 miembros, se reunió en Zúrich (Suiza) el 2 de diciembre de 2010 para votar para seleccionar a los anfitriones de ambos torneos. [47] Dos miembros del comité ejecutivo de la FIFA fueron suspendidos antes de la votación en relación con acusaciones de corrupción en relación con sus votos. [48] La decisión de organizar la Copa Mundial de 2022 en Qatar, que fue calificada como de "alto riesgo operativo", [49] generó críticas de los comentaristas de los medios de comunicación. [50] Muchos la criticaron por ser parte de los escándalos de corrupción de la FIFA, [51] que llevaron al caso de corrupción de la FIFA de 2015 .
Los patrones de votación fueron los siguientes: [52]
Costo de organizar el torneo
Con un costo estimado de más de 220 mil millones de dólares, [53] es la Copa del Mundo más cara jamás celebrada hasta la fecha; esta cifra es cuestionada por los funcionarios qataríes, incluido el director ejecutivo organizador Nasser Al Khater, quien dijo que el costo real fue de 8 mil millones de dólares, y otras cifras relacionadas con el desarrollo general de la infraestructura desde que la Copa del Mundo fue otorgada a Qatar en 2010. [54]
Lugares
Siete de las ocho sedes, como el estadio de Lusail , donde se celebró la final , fueron estadios nuevos construidos específicamente para la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2022. El octavo fue renovado en profundidad.
Las primeras cinco sedes propuestas para la Copa Mundial se dieron a conocer a principios de marzo de 2010. Qatar pretendía que los estadios reflejaran su historia y cultura, y que los diseños cumplieran con los siguientes términos de referencia: legado, comodidad, accesibilidad y sostenibilidad. [55] Los estadios estaban equipados con sistemas de refrigeración que apuntan a reducir las temperaturas dentro del estadio hasta en 20 °C (36 °F). [56] [57]
Su marketing incluía declaraciones que describían los estadios como cero residuos , y los niveles superiores de los estadios se desmontarían después de la Copa del Mundo y se donarían a países con infraestructura deportiva menos desarrollada. [56] [57] Qatar aspiraba a cumplir y estar certificado por el Sistema de Evaluación de Sostenibilidad Global (GSAS) para todos los estadios de la Copa del Mundo. Los cinco proyectos de estadios lanzados fueron diseñados por el arquitecto alemán Albert Speer & Partners . [58] Los estadios Al Bayt y Al Wakrah fueron los únicos estadios cubiertos de los ocho utilizados. [59]
En algunos recintos, como el Estadio Al Bayt , con capacidad para 68.000 personas , se eliminó el nivel superior de asientos para reducir la capacidad después del torneo.
En un informe de abril de 2013 de Merrill Lynch , los organizadores de Qatar solicitaron que la FIFA aprobara un número menor de estadios debido a los crecientes costos. [60] Bloomberg dijo que Qatar deseaba reducir el número de sedes a ocho o nueve de las doce planeadas originalmente. [61] Para abril de 2017, la FIFA aún no había finalizado el número de estadios que Qatar debe tener listos en cinco años. El Comité Supremo de Entrega y Legado (SC) de Qatar dijo que esperaba que hubiera ocho en Doha y sus alrededores , con la excepción de Al Khor. [62] [63]
Se construyeron o renovaron ocho estadios en cinco ciudades de Qatar para la Copa Mundial de la FIFA. Entre 2010 (cuando se anunció que Qatar sería el país anfitrión) y 2022, se construyeron siete de los ocho estadios (algunos en lugar de recintos más antiguos y obsoletos) y se renovó el Estadio Internacional Khalifa para el torneo.
Al Khor: Estadio Al Bayt (nuevo). Los primeros pilotes se colocaron en el terreno en 2014. El 30 de noviembre de 2021 acogió su primer partido.
Lusail: Estadio Lusail (nuevo). La construcción del estadio comenzó el 11 de abril de 2017 y finalizó el 21 de noviembre de 2021.
Al Rayyan: Estadio Ahmad bin Ali (nuevo). El estadio se construyó en el terreno del antiguo estadio demolido . Se inauguró el 18 de diciembre de 2020.
Al Rayyan: Estadio de la Ciudad de la Educación (nuevo). Se completó el 15 de junio de 2020.
Al Rayyan: Estadio Internacional Khalifa (muy renovado). Era el estadio más grande del país en ese momento y se cerró por remodelación en 2013. Se inauguró en mayo de 2017.
Doha: Estadio Al Thumama (nuevo). La construcción finalizó el 21 de octubre de 2021.
Doha: Estadio 974 (temporal). La construcción comenzó en 2018. Se completó el 30 de noviembre de 2021 y albergó algunos de los partidos de la Copa Árabe de la FIFA 2021.
Al Wakrah: Estadio Al Janoub (nuevo). La construcción comenzó oficialmente en 2014 y finalizó el 16 de mayo de 2019.
Los campamentos base fueron utilizados por los 32 equipos nacionales para alojarse y entrenar antes y durante el torneo de la Copa del Mundo. En julio de 2022, la FIFA anunció los hoteles y los sitios de entrenamiento para cada equipo participante. [82] [83] Esta Copa del Mundo fue la más compacta desde la edición inaugural en 1930 , con 24 de los 32 equipos dentro de un radio de 10 km entre sí, y se concentran dentro del área de Doha . Fue la primera Copa desde 1930 en la que los jugadores no necesitaron tomar vuelos para los partidos y pudieron permanecer en la misma base de entrenamiento durante todo el torneo. [84] [85]
Seguridad
El gobierno de Qatar empleó a unos 50.000 efectivos de seguridad, incluidos departamentos de policía y fuerzas militares de al menos trece países, entre ellos Polonia, Alemania, Francia, Kuwait, Jordania, Italia, Palestina, España, Pakistán, Turquía, Estados Unidos, Arabia Saudita y el Reino Unido. [86] El gobierno turco proporcionó alrededor de 3.000 efectivos de policía antidisturbios, [86] mientras que Pakistán proporcionó alrededor de 4.500 tropas del ejército a Qatar para el evento. [87]
De las 32 naciones clasificadas para jugar en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2022, 24 países compitieron en el torneo anterior en 2018. [95] Qatar fue el único equipo que hizo su debut en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA, convirtiéndose en el primer anfitrión en hacer su debut en el torneo desde Italia en 1934. Los Países Bajos , Ecuador , Ghana , Camerún y los Estados Unidos regresaron al torneo después de perderse el torneo de 2018. Canadá regresó después de 36 años, su única aparición previa fue en 1986. [96] Gales hizo su primera aparición en 64 años, la brecha más larga para cualquier equipo, su única participación previa fue en 1958. [97 ]
Chile , campeón de la Copa América de 2015 y 2016 , no logró clasificarse por segunda vez consecutiva. Nigeria fue derrotada por Ghana por el valor de los goles de visitante en la ronda final de playoffs de la Confederación Africana de Fútbol (CAF), tras haberse clasificado para las tres Copas Mundiales anteriores y seis de las últimas siete. Egipto , Panamá , Colombia , Perú , Islandia y Suecia , todos ellos clasificados para la Copa Mundial de 2018, no se clasificaron para el torneo de 2022. [101] Ghana fue el equipo con la clasificación más baja en clasificarse, en el puesto 61. [102]
Los equipos clasificados, enumerados por región, con números entre paréntesis indicando las posiciones finales en la Clasificación Mundial Masculina de la FIFA antes del torneo fueron: [103]
Escuadrones
Antes de presentar su plantilla final para el torneo, los equipos nombraron una plantilla provisional de hasta 55 jugadores. Los equipos debían enviar su lista de 55 jugadores a la FIFA antes del 21 de octubre. [104] Los equipos debían nombrar sus plantillas finales antes del 13 de noviembre. [105] En agosto de 2022, la FIFA aumentó el tamaño de la plantilla final a 26 jugadores de un total de 23 jugadores en la edición de 2018. [ 106] Todos los equipos tenían un total de 26 jugadores en sus plantillas finales, excepto Francia e Irán , que eligieron a 25 jugadores. [107] [108]
Para el sorteo, 32 equipos fueron distribuidos en cuatro bombos según la Clasificación Mundial Masculina de la FIFA del 31 de marzo de 2022. [114] El bombo 1 contenía al anfitrión Qatar (que fue asignado automáticamente a la posición A1) y a los siete mejores equipos. El bombo 2 contenía a los siguientes ocho mejores equipos, y los siguientes ocho mejores equipos en el bombo 3. El bombo 4 contenía a los cinco equipos con la clasificación más baja, junto con los marcadores de los dos ganadores de los playoffs interconfederales y el ganador de los playoffs de la Ruta A de la UEFA. Los equipos de la misma confederación no podían ser sorteados en el mismo grupo, excepto los equipos de la UEFA, para los que había al menos uno y no más de dos por grupo. [115]
Este principio también se aplicó a los equipos sustitutos, con restricciones que se aplicaban en función de la confederación de ambos ganadores potenciales de cada eliminatoria de play-off. El sorteo comenzó con el bombo 1 y terminó con el bombo 4, y cada equipo seleccionado se asignó luego al primer grupo disponible en orden alfabético. Luego se sorteaba la posición del equipo dentro del grupo (a los efectos del calendario de partidos), y los equipos del bombo 1 se sorteaban automáticamente en la posición 1 de cada grupo. [115] Los bombos para el sorteo se muestran a continuación. [116]
Resultado del sorteo
Los ocho grupos se formaron de forma aleatoria, seleccionando un equipo de cada uno de los cuatro bombos. No se podían colocar dos equipos de la misma confederación en el mismo grupo, con la excepción de los equipos de la UEFA, donde hasta dos equipos podían estar en el mismo grupo. El único equipo cuya posición en el sorteo estaba predeterminada fue el anfitrión Qatar, que quedó en la posición A1.
Arbitraje
En mayo de 2022, la FIFA anunció la lista de 36 árbitros, 69 árbitros asistentes y 24 árbitros asistentes de vídeo para el torneo. De los 36 árbitros, la FIFA incluyó a dos de Argentina, Brasil, Inglaterra y Francia. [118] [119]
Por primera vez, las mujeres árbitros oficiaron partidos en un torneo masculino importante. [120] Stéphanie Frappart de Francia , Salima Mukansanga de Ruanda y Yoshimi Yamashita de Japón se convirtieron en las primeras mujeres árbitros designadas para una Copa Mundial masculina. [ 121] Frappart supervisó anteriormente la final de la Copa Mundial Femenina de la FIFA 2019. [122] A ellas se unieron tres árbitras asistentes, Neuza Back, Kathryn Nesbitt y Karen Díaz Medina. Frappart luego se convirtió oficialmente en la primera mujer árbitro en arbitrar un partido de la Copa Mundial cuando trabajó en el partido Costa Rica vs Alemania en el Grupo E el 1 de diciembre. [123]
El árbitro gambiano Bakary Gassama y el árbitro asistente argentino Juan Pablo Belatti estuvieron entre los oficiales que prestaron servicio en su tercera Copa del Mundo. Belatti fue árbitro asistente en la final de 2018. [124] [125] [126] Otros oficiales que regresaron incluyeron a los árbitros César Arturo Ramos de México y Janny Sikazwe de Zambia, y el árbitro asistente iraní Mohammadreza Mansouri . [127] [128] [129]
El 15 de diciembre de 2022, la FIFA anunció que el árbitro polaco Szymon Marciniak arbitraría la final. [130]
La fase de grupos se jugó del 20 de noviembre al 2 de diciembre. [136] Los países participantes se dividieron en ocho grupos de cuatro equipos (grupos A a H). Los equipos de cada grupo jugaron entre sí en un sistema de todos contra todos , donde los dos mejores equipos avanzaron a la fase eliminatoria.
Resultado de los países participantes en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2022
Grupo A
El primer partido del torneo se celebró entre Qatar y Ecuador en el Grupo A. Ecuador tuvo un gol anulado en los primeros minutos, [138] pero finalmente ganó 2-0 con dos goles de Enner Valencia . [139] Qatar se convirtió en la primera nación anfitriona en perder su partido inaugural en una Copa del Mundo. [140] [141] [142] Muchos nativos de Qatar fueron vistos abandonando el juego antes del final, y ESPN informó que dos tercios de la asistencia se habían ido. [143] [144] El otro partido inicial del grupo A lo ganaron los Países Bajos 2-0 sobre Senegal. Cody Gakpo anotó el primer gol en el minuto 84 y Davy Klaassen añadió un segundo en el tiempo de descuento. [145] Senegal se enfrentó a Qatar en el tercer partido del grupo; Boulaye Dia aprovechó un resbalón de Boualem Khoukhi para poner a Senegal por delante 1-0. Famara Diédhiou anotó un segundo con un cabezazo, antes de que Mohammed Muntari anotara el primer gol de Qatar en una Copa del Mundo para reducir el déficit a uno. Senegal finalmente ganó el partido 3-1 después de un gol de Bamba Dieng en el minuto 84. Con este resultado, Qatar se convirtió en el primer equipo en ser eliminado del torneo, además de convertirse en la primera nación anfitriona en ser eliminada del torneo después de dos juegos. [146] Gakpo anotó su segundo gol del torneo cuando los Países Bajos lideraron a Ecuador; sin embargo, Valencia anotó el empate en el minuto 49. [147] Los Países Bajos ganaron 2-0 contra Qatar después de los goles de Gakpo y Frenkie de Jong para ganar el grupo, mientras que Qatar obtuvo la distinción de ser la primera nación local en perder los tres partidos del grupo. [148] Senegal se enfrentó a Ecuador para determinar el clasificatorio de la segunda ronda eliminatoria. Al final de la primera mitad, Ismaïla Sarr anotó un tiro penal para poner a Senegal por delante. En el minuto 67, Moisés Caicedo marcó el gol del empate, pero poco después, Kalidou Koulibaly dio la victoria a Senegal. El triunfo fue suficiente para clasificar a Senegal como segundo clasificado del Grupo A. [149]
Inglaterra completó una victoria 6-2 sobre Irán. El portero iraní Alireza Beiranvand fue retirado del juego por una supuesta conmoción cerebral antes de que Inglaterra anotara tres goles en la primera mitad. [150] Mehdi Taremi anotó en la segunda mitad, después de lo cual el defensa inglés Harry Maguire también fue retirado por una conmoción cerebral. [150] Timothy Weah , de los Estados Unidos, anotó un gol en la primera mitad contra Gales; sin embargo, el partido terminó en empate después de que se ganara un tiro penal y fuera anotado por Gareth Bale . [151] Irán derrotó a Gales 2-0 después de una tarjeta roja al portero galés Wayne Hennessey después de que cometiera una falta fuera de su área penal . El suplente Rouzbeh Cheshmi anotó el primer gol a los ocho minutos del tiempo de descuento, seguido por Ramin Rezaeian anotando tres minutos más tarde. [152] Inglaterra y Estados Unidos empataron 0-0, con solo cuatro tiros a puerta entre ellos, y un tiro de Christian Pulisic golpeó el travesaño. [153] Inglaterra ganó el grupo tras una victoria por 3-0 sobre Gales con un gol de Phil Foden y dos de Marcus Rashford . [154] Christian Pulisic anotó el gol de la victoria cuando Estados Unidos derrotó a Irán por 1-0 para clasificarse para los octavos de final. [155]
Argentina tomó una temprana ventaja contra Arabia Saudita después de que Lionel Messi anotó un penalti a los diez minutos; sin embargo, los goles en el segundo tiempo de Saleh Al-Shehri y Salem Al-Dawsari ganaron el partido 2-1 para Arabia Saudita, [156] un resultado que los medios consideraron una de las mayores sorpresas en la historia del evento. [157] [158] El partido entre México y Polonia terminó con un empate 0-0 sin goles después de que Guillermo Ochoa detuvo el intento de penalti de Robert Lewandowski . [159] Lewandowski anotó su primer gol de su carrera en la Copa del Mundo en una victoria por 2-0 sobre Arabia Saudita cuatro días después. [160] [161] Argentina derrotó a México por 2-0, con Messi anotando el primer gol y luego asistiendo a su compañero de equipo Enzo Fernández, quien anotó su primer gol internacional. [162] [163] Argentina ganó su último partido contra Polonia con goles de Alexis Mac Allister y Julián Álvarez , lo que fue suficiente para ganar el grupo; [164] Polonia se clasificó para la fase eliminatoria por diferencia de goles, gracias a que Arabia Saudita anotó un gol de consolación en el tiempo de descuento contra México en un partido que ya estaba perdido. [165]
El partido entre Dinamarca y Túnez terminó con un empate sin goles; ambos equipos tuvieron goles anulados por fuera de juego. [166] El mediocampista danés Christian Eriksen hizo su primera aparición internacional importante desde que sufrió un paro cardíaco en la Eurocopa 2020. [ 166] Los campeones defensores Francia se pusieron un gol por detrás de Australia, después de un gol de Craig Goodwin a los diez minutos. Francia, sin embargo, anotó cuatro goles, de Adrien Rabiot , Kylian Mbappé y dos de Olivier Giroud para ganar 4-1. [167] Los goles empataron a Giroud con Thierry Henry como el máximo goleador de todos los tiempos de Francia. [167] Mitchell Duke anotó el único gol cuando Australia ganó contra Túnez. Esta fue su primera victoria en la Copa del Mundo desde 2010. [168] [169] Mbappé anotó un doblete cuando Francia derrotó a Dinamarca 2-1. Esto fue suficiente para que Francia se clasificara para la ronda eliminatoria, la primera vez desde Brasil en 2006 que los campeones defensores avanzaron a la ronda inaugural. [168] [170] Mathew Leckie anotó el único gol cuando Australia derrotó a Dinamarca por 1-0, clasificándose para la ronda eliminatoria como subcampeones con la victoria. [171] Wahbi Khazri anotó para Túnez contra Francia en el minuto 58. Aunque Antoine Griezmann empató en el tiempo de descuento, el gol fue anulado por fuera de juego. Túnez terminó tercero en el grupo, ya que necesitaba un empate en el juego de Dinamarca y Australia. [172]
El Grupo E comenzó con Japón enfrentándose a los campeones de 2014 , Alemania. Después de que İlkay Gündoğan de Alemania convirtiera un penalti temprano , Japón anotó dos goles en el segundo tiempo por Ritsu Dōan y Takuma Asano en una victoria por 2-1. [173] En el segundo partido del grupo, España derrotó a Costa Rica por 7-0. Los goles en el primer tiempo de Dani Olmo , Marco Asensio y Ferran Torres fueron seguidos por los goles de Gavi , Carlos Soler , Álvaro Morata y un segundo de Torres. [174] [175] Esta fue la mayor derrota en una Copa del Mundo desde la victoria de Portugal sobre Corea del Norte en el evento de 2010 por el mismo marcador. [176] Costa Rica derrotó a Japón por 1-0, con Keysher Fuller anotando con el primer disparo a puerta de Costa Rica del torneo. [177] Alemania y España empataron 1-1, con Álvaro Morata anotando para España y Niclas Füllkrug anotando para Alemania. [178] [179] [180] Morata anotó el primer gol para España contra Japón mientras controlaban la primera mitad del partido. [181] Japón empató con Ritsu Doan antes de que un segundo gol de Ao Tanaka fuera investigado intensamente por el VAR por la posibilidad de que el balón estuviera fuera de juego. El gol fue concedido y Japón ganó el grupo tras una victoria por 2-1. [181] Serge Gnabry anotó a los diez minutos para Alemania contra Costa Rica y lideraron hasta el descanso. Alemania necesitaba una victoria, y que Japón no ganara su partido, o que ambos equipos ganaran sus partidos por una diferencia de goles combinada de al menos 9 goles, para clasificarse. En la segunda mitad, los goles de Yeltsin Tejeda y Juan Vargas le dieron a Costa Rica una ventaja de 2-1, lo que los habría clasificado a los octavos de final por delante de España. Alemania anotó tres goles más (dos de Kai Havertz y un gol de Niclas Fullkrug ) que terminaron en una victoria por 4-2 para Alemania, pero no fueron suficientes para clasificarlos a la fase final. Esta fue la segunda vez consecutiva que los cuatro veces campeones no lograron pasar de la fase de grupos. [182] Japón ganó el grupo por delante de España. [183]
El primer partido del Grupo F fue un empate sin goles entre Marruecos y Croacia. [184] Canadá tuvo un penal en la primera mitad de su partido contra Bélgica que fue salvado por Thibaut Courtois . Bélgica ganó el partido por un solo gol de Michy Batshuayi . [185] [186] Bélgica perdió 2-0 ante Marruecos, a pesar de que Marruecos tuvo un gol de tiro libre directo de larga distancia de Hakim Ziyech anulado por un fuera de juego de otro jugador en el período previo al gol. Dos goles en la segunda mitad de Zakaria Aboukhlal y Romain Saïss ayudaron a Marruecos a ganar su primer partido de la Copa del Mundo desde 1998. [187] [188] El partido provocó disturbios en Bélgica, con incendios y fuegos artificiales provocados por los residentes. [189] Alphonso Davies anotó el primer gol de Canadá en la Copa del Mundo para darle a Canadá la ventaja sobre Croacia. Los goles de Marko Livaja , Lovro Majer y dos de Andrej Kramarić completaron la victoria croata por 4-1. [190] Marruecos anotó dos goles tempranos a través de Hakim Ziyech y Youssef En-Nesyri en su partido contra Canadá y se clasificó tras una victoria por 2-1. El único gol de Canadá fue un autogol de Nayef Aguerd . [191] Croacia y Bélgica empataron sin goles y eliminaron a Bélgica, cuyo equipo estaba clasificado en segundo lugar del mundo, del torneo. [192]
Breel Embolo anotó el único gol en la victoria de Suiza por 1-0 ante Camerún. [193] Richarlison anotó dos goles cuando Brasil ganó contra Serbia, con el jugador estrella Neymar sufriendo una lesión de tobillo. [194] Jean-Charles Castelletto de Camerún anotó el primer gol contra Serbia, pero rápidamente se pusieron atrás cuando Serbia anotó tres goles de Strahinja Pavlović , Sergej Milinković-Savić y Aleksandar Mitrović antes del medio tiempo. Camerún, sin embargo, anotó goles a través de Vincent Aboubakar y Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting , completando un empate 3-3. [195] Un gol de la victoria de Casemiro en el minuto 83 para Brasil sobre Suiza fue suficiente para que calificaran para la fase eliminatoria. [196] Habiendo ya clasificado, Brasil no pudo ganar su último partido del grupo, ya que fue derrotado por Camerún por 1-0 tras un gol de Vincent Aboubakar . Ya contaba con una tarjeta amarilla y más tarde fue expulsado por quitarse la camiseta al celebrar el gol. [197] Sin embargo, Camerún no se clasificó, ya que Suiza derrotó a Serbia por 3-2. [198]
Uruguay and South Korea played to a goalless draw.[199] A goalless first half between Portugal and Ghana preceded a penalty converted by Cristiano Ronaldo to give Portugal the lead. In scoring the goal, Ronaldo became the first man to score in five World Cups. Ghana responded with a goal by André Ayew before goals by João Félix, and Rafael Leão by Portugal put them 3–1 ahead. Osman Bukari scored in the 89th minute to trail by a single goal, while Iñaki Williams had a chance to equalise for Ghana ten minutes into stoppage time, but slipped before shooting. The match finished 3–2 to Portugal.[200] Ghanaian Mohammed Salisu opened the scoring against South Korea, with Mohammed Kudus following it up. In the second half, Cho Gue-sung scored a brace for South Korea, levelling the score. Mohammed Kudus scored again in the 68th minute, winning the match 3–2 for Ghana.[201] Portugal defeated Uruguay 2–0 with two goals from Bruno Fernandes, advancing them to the knockout stage.[202] A controversial penalty decision was called late in the game, with a suspected handball from José María Giménez.[203][204] Portugal led South Korea through Ricardo Horta after 10 minutes. However, goals by Kim Young-gwon and Hwang Hee-chan won the match 2–1 for South Korea.[205]Giorgian de Arrascaeta scored two goals as Uruguay defeated Ghana 2–0.[206] However, with South Korea winning, Uruguay required another goal to progress as they finished third on goals scored.[207] Several Uruguay players left the pitch after the game surrounding the referees and followed them off the pitch.[208][209][210]
In the knockout stage, if the scores were equal when normal playing time expired, extra time was played for two periods of 15 minutes each. This was followed, if required, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winners.[137]
Bracket
Round of 16
The round of 16 was played from 3 to 7 December,[33] which for the first time ever included teams from the Americas and four other continents.[211] Group A winners Netherlands scored goals through Memphis Depay, Daley Blind, and Denzel Dumfries as they defeated the United States 3–1, with Haji Wright scoring for the United States.[212] Messi scored his third of the tournament alongside Julián Álvarez to give Argentina a two-goal lead over Australia, and despite an Enzo Fernández own goal from a Craig Goodwin shot, Argentina won 2–1.[213]Olivier Giroud's goal and Mbappé's brace enabled France to have a 3–1 victory over Poland, with Robert Lewandowski scoring the lone goal for Poland from a penalty.[214] England beat Senegal 3–0, with goals coming from Jordan Henderson, Harry Kane, and Bukayo Saka.[215]Daizen Maeda scored for Japan against Croatia in the first half before a leveller from Ivan Perišić in the second. Neither team could find the winner, with Croatia defeating Japan 3–1 in a penalty shoot-out.[216]Vinícius Júnior, Neymar, Richarlison, and Lucas Paquetá all scored for Brazil, but a volley from South Korean Paik Seung-ho reduced the deficit to 4–1.[217]Pablo Sarabia had the best chance for Spain to break the deadlock against Morocco in stoppage time after two goalless hours, but he hit the goalie's right-hand post after a shot from the left; Morocco won the match 3–0 on penalties.[218] A hat-trick by Gonçalo Ramos led Portugal to defeat Switzerland 6–1, with goals from Portugal's Pepe, Raphaël Guerreiro, and Rafael Leão and from Switzerland's Manuel Akanji.[219]
The quarter-finals were played on 9 and 10 December.[33] Croatia and Brazil ended 0–0 after 90 minutes and went to extra time. Neymar scored for Brazil in the 15th minute of extra time. Croatia, however, equalised through Bruno Petković in the second period of extra time. With the match tied, a penalty shootout decided the contest, with Croatia winning the shootout 4–2.[220][221] In the second quarter-final match, Nahuel Molina and Messi scored for Argentina before Wout Weghorst equalised with two goals shortly before the end of the game. The match went to extra time and then penalties, where Argentina would go on to win 4–3.[222] Morocco defeated Portugal 1–0, with Youssef En-Nesyri scoring at the end of the first half. Morocco became the first African and the first Arab nation to advance as far as the semi-finals of the competition.[223] Despite Harry Kane scoring a penalty for England, it was not enough to beat France, who won 2–1 by virtue of goals from Aurélien Tchouaméni and Olivier Giroud and a late missed penalty by Kane, sending them to their second consecutive World Cup semi-final and becoming the first defending champions to reach this stage since Brazil in 1998.[224][225]
The semi-finals were played on 13 and 14 December.[33] Messi scored a penalty kick before Julián Álvarez scored twice to give Argentina a 3–0 victory over Croatia.[226]Théo Hernandez scored after five minutes as France led Morocco for most of the game. Randal Kolo Muani scored in the 78th minute to complete a 2–0 victory for France over Morocco as they reached their second consecutive final.[227]
The third place play-off was played on 17 December. The two teams had played against each other in their opening game in Group F which finished 0–0. Joško Gvardiol promptly scored for Croatia, with Achraf Dari equalising just 2 minutes later. Mislav Oršić scored the winner for Croatia as the match finished 2–1.[228] Morocco earned 4th place, a record for the team and the best World Cup finish of any African or Arab nation.[229]
The final was played on 18 December between Argentina and France. Both teams had won the event twice previously.[230] Early goals from Lionel Messi and Ángel Di María gave Argentina, leading 2–0, a head start against the French.[230][231] Despite substitutions in the first half, France did not record a shot until after the 70th minute but were energised by additional substitutions in the 71st. A few minutes later, France were awarded a penalty as Randal Kolo Muani was brought down in the penalty area by Nicolás Otamendi. Mbappé scored the penalty and added a second goal less than two minutes later to equalise the scores.[231] With the score tied at two goals apiece, the match went to extra time. Messi scored his second goal in the 108th minute, once again giving Argentina the lead. However, Mbappé was awarded a second penalty in the 115th minute after his shot hit the arm of Gonzalo Montiel. Mbappé scored his third goal, becoming the second player ever to complete a hat-trick in the final of a World Cup after Geoff Hurst for England in 1966.[231] With the score tied at 3–3, the match was determined via a penalty shootout. Argentina won the final after scoring all of their penalties, winning 4–2.[231] This marked their third World Cup win and their first since 1986.[231]
A player or team official is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences:[137]
Receiving a red card (red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences)
Receiving two yellow cards in two matches; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter-finals (yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches)
The following suspensions were served during the tournament:
Additionally, FIFA.com shortlisted 10 goals for users to vote on as the tournament's best. The award was won by Brazil's Richarlison for his second goal in the group stage match against Serbia.[240]
Marketing
Branding
The official emblem was designed by Unlock Brands[241] and unveiled in September 2019, during simultaneous events at the Doha Tower, Katara Cultural Village amphitheatre, Msheireb Downtown Doha, and Zubarah. It is based on a shawl (reflecting upon the tournament's late-Autumn scheduling) and desert dunes, and was shaped to resemble the tournament trophy, the infinity symbol, and the number "8"—reflecting upon the "interconnected" event and the eight host stadiums. The typography of the emblem's wordmark incorporated kashida—the practice of elongating certain parts of characters in Arabic script to provide typographical emphasis.[242][243][244]
H.E Ambassador Dr. Hend Al-Muftah, Permanent Representative of the State of Qatar to the United Nations Office at Geneva, explained to WIPO Magazine that the tournament provided an opportunity to "promote our culture and showcase our signature hospitality in a multicultural environment", and highlighted that the country has used sports to demonstrate its "commitment to sustainable development, social inclusion and the values of community and mutual respect among peoples from different cultures and nations."[245]
Merchandise
Electronic Arts' licensed video games FIFA Mobile and FIFA 23 (except on Nintendo Switch) received free updates with tie-in content for the 2022 World Cup on 8 and 9 November 2022, respectively. The update for FIFA 23 added World Cup-themed tournament modes with all teams and two of the stadiums from the event, campaigns and World Cup-themed unlockable content for Ultimate Team mode, and real-time squad and fixture updates during the tournament.[246]
On 24 August 2022, the Panini Group produced themed stickers and a sticker album for a 14th consecutive World Cup. This year, rare cards with coloured borders were included and could be collected, traded, or sold.[247]
On 12 April 2022, FIFA released an over-the-top media service and app revolving around the World Cup called FIFA+, where fans could play games, predict matches, and compete with others.[248]
Broadcasting rights
In May 2022, Infantino projected that the 2022 FIFA World Cup could be the most-watched in its history, with a global audience of at least 5 billion. The 2018 tournament was seen by 3.57 billion across the tournament.[249] The various controversies surrounding the World Cup in Qatar led to questions over how the tournament would be covered in the media, and whether they would be discussed or addressed during coverage.[250][251] The match between England and the United States in the group stage was seen by approximately 20 million viewers across both Fox and Telemundo, ranking among the highest-rated associated football broadcasts in the United States (behind a 2014 World Cup match that drew 24.7 million).[252][253]
Sponsorship
Symbols
Mascot
The tournament's official mascot was unveiled on 1 April 2022, during the group stage draw. Its name is "Laʼeeb" (Arabic: لعيب, romanized: Laʿīb), which is an Arabic word meaning "super-skilled player". The official website of FIFA says: "Laʼeeb will be known for his youthful spirit; spreading joy and confidence everywhere he goes", and the official backstory of the character, published there, claims that it comes from a parallel world where tournament mascots live, "a world where ideas and creativity form the basis of characters that live in the minds of everyone".[285]
Match ball
Adidas Al Rihla, one of two official match balls of the tournament.
The official match ball, "Adidas Al Rihla", was unveiled on 30 March 2022. It was mainly inspired by the culture, architecture, iconic boats and flag of Qatar. In Arabic, the word Al-Rihla (الْرِّحْلَةar-riḥla) means "the journey". The ball was designed with sustainability as a priority, making it the first-ever official match ball created with water-based glues and inks. As "the game is getting faster" and "speeds up", the ball has internal electronic sensors, allowing detection of its speed and position, updated 500 times per second[286] and it has to be charged before each game.[287] Two of the match balls were sent and returned from space by FIFA and Qatar Airways on a SpaceXfalcon 9suborbital mission for promoting the World Cup.[288]
The match ball for the 2022 FIFA World Cup Final was announced on 11 December 2022. It is a variation of the Al Rihla named the "Adidas Al Hilm" (Arabic: الحلم, romanized: al-ḥulm, lit. ''the dream'', a reference to "every nation's dream of lifting the FIFA World Cup").[289] Whilst the technical aspects of the ball are the same, the colour is different from the Al-Rihla balls used in the group stages and preceding knockout games, with a Gold Metallic, maroon, Collegiate Burgundy, and red design,[290] a reference to the national colors of host nation Qatar and the golden colors shared by the Final's venue and the FIFA World Cup Trophy.[291]
Music
For the first time, a multi-song FIFA World Cup official soundtrack has been released, instead of one official song.[292] The first song of the album is "Hayya Hayya (Better Together)", performed by Trinidad Cardona, Davido, and AISHA, released on 1 April 2022 along with the music video.[293] The second song is "Arhbo", performed by Gims and Ozuna, released on 19 August 2022 along with the music video.[294] The third song is "The World Is Yours to Take" performed by American rapper Lil Baby, released on 23 September 2022 along with a music video.[295] The fourth song is "Light The Sky" performed by Nora Fatehi, Manal, Rahma Riad, and Balqees, composed by RedOne and released on 7 October 2022 along with the music video.[296]A fifth song, "Tukoh Taka", performed by Nicki Minaj, Maluma and Myriam Fares, was released on 17 November 2022 along with the music video, serving as the official song of the FIFA Fan Festival.[297] The final song is "Dreamers" by Jungkook of BTS released on 20 November 2022. It was performed with Fahad Al-Kubaisi during the tournament's opening ceremony.[298][299]
Controversies
Criticism of the 2022 FIFA World Cup focused on Qatar's human-rights record,[300] namely their treatment of migrant workers,[300] women, and position on LGBT rights,[301] leading to allegations of sportswashing.[P] Others cited Qatar's climate, lack of a strong football culture, and allegations of bribery for hosting rights and wider FIFA corruption.[7][305]Boycotts of the event were declared by several countries, clubs, and individual players,[303][304] with former FIFA president Sepp Blatter twice stating that giving Qatar hosting rights was a "mistake".[306][307] The FIFA World Cup delivered record-breaking numbers of TV audiences across multiple markets.[308] In June 2023, Le Point revealed that FIFA World Cup has raised great interest in the country despite "calls for a boycott". According to the study by Arcom, six out of ten French people followed at least one match.[309]
Host selection criticism
Russian President Vladimir Putin handing over the symbolic relay baton for the hosting rights of the 2022 FIFA World Cup to Qatar's Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in June 2018
There have been allegations of bribery and corruption in the selection process involving FIFA's executive committee members.[310] These allegations are being investigated by FIFA (see § Bidding corruption allegations, 2014, below). In May 2011, allegations of corruption within the FIFA senior officials raised questions over the legitimacy of the World Cup 2022 being held in Qatar. The accusations of corruption were made relating to how Qatar won the right to host the event. A FIFA internal investigation and report cleared Qatar of any violation, but chief investigator Michael J. Garcia described FIFA's report on his enquiry as containing "numerous materially incomplete and erroneous representations."[311]
In May 2015, Swiss federal prosecutors opened an investigation into corruption and money laundering related to the 2018 and 2022 World Cup bids.[312][313] In August 2018, former FIFA president Sepp Blatter claimed that Qatar had used "black ops", suggesting that the bid committee had cheated to win the hosting rights.[314] Some investigations found that Qatar sought an edge in securing hosting by hiring a former CIA officer turned private contractor, Kevin Chalker, to spy on rival bid teams and key football officials who picked the winner in 2010.[315]
In September 2018, a delegation from al-Ghufran tribe lodged a complaint to FIFA's president to reject the establishment of the World Cup in Qatar unless its government restored the Qatari nationality to all those affected from the tribe and returned land allegedly stolen from them to build the sport facilities.[316]
Qatar faced strong criticism for the treatment of foreign workers involved in preparation for the World Cup, with Amnesty International referring to "forced labour" and poor working conditions,[317][318] while many migrant workers reported having to pay large "recruitment fees" to obtain employment.[319]The Guardian newspaper reported that many workers were denied food and water, had their identity papers taken away from them, and that they were not paid on time or at all, making some of them in effect slaves. The Guardian estimated that up to 4,000 workers could die from lax safety and other causes by the time the competition was held. Between 2015 and 2021, the Qatari government adopted new labour reforms to improve working conditions, including a minimum wage for all workers and the removal of the kafala system. Furthermore, in November 2017, the International Labour Organization concluded that no rights were violated and made the decision to close the complaint against Qatar regarding the alleged violation of migrant workers' rights.[320] According to Amnesty International, however, living and working conditions of the foreign workers did not improve in the last years.[321]
Qatar was the smallest nation by area ever to have been awarded a FIFA World Cup – the next smallest by area was Switzerland, host of the 1954 World Cup, which was more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of 32. Qatar also became only the second country (not including Uruguay and Italy, hosts of the first two World Cups) to be awarded a FIFA World Cup despite having never qualified for a previous edition: Japan was awarded co-hosting rights of the 2002 World Cup in 1996 without ever having qualified for the finals, although they qualified for the 1998 edition. Of the eight stadiums used in the tournament, six were located in the Doha metropolitan area, making it the first World Cup since 1930 in which most of the stadiums were in one city. While this decreased the distance that fans and players needed to commute, Qatar itself struggled to accommodate the numbers of arriving fans with its diminutive amount of space.[322]
Due to Qatar's laws on alcohol consumption, World Cup organisers announced the creation of designated "sobering-up" zones as an alternative to wide-scale arrests of intoxicated fans during the World Cup.[323] Qatar's World Cup chief executive of the Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy, Nasser Al Khater, stated that the purpose of the designated sobering-up areas was to ensure the fans' safety.[324] If a fan was sent to the "sobering up" zone, they were permitted to leave when they could display clearheaded behaviour.[325] Multiple news agencies described the controversy as a "cultural clash" between social conservatism and Islamic morality against the "norms" of secular Western liberal democracies.[12][326]
A number of groups and media outlets expressed concern over the suitability of Qatar to host the event.[327][328] Issues regarding from human rights,[9][301] worker conditions, the rights of LGBT fans,[301] and the illegality of homosexuality in Qatar.[329][330][331] In December 2020, Qatar said rainbow flags would be allowed at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[332] Qatari officials initially stated that they would not prohibit the display of pride flags at tournament venues, although the country still advised LGBT attendees to comply with the country's modesty and avoid public displays of affection.[333][334] Hassan Abdulla al-Thawadi, chief executive of the country's World Cup bid, said that Qatar would permit alcohol consumption during the event,[335][336] even though drinking in public was not permitted.[337] There were plans to allow the sale of alcohol inside stadiums and at fan villages.[338] Normally, the sale of alcohol is restricted to non-Muslim guests at selected luxury hotels only.[339] However, in the months preceding the tournament, the display of LGBT material and the sale of alcohol were banned.[338][340][341][342][343]
The climate conditions caused some to call hosting the tournament in Qatar infeasible, with initial plans for air-conditioned stadiums giving way to a potential date switch from summer to November and December.[6] In May 2014, Sepp Blatter, who was FIFA president at the time of the selection, remarked that awarding the World Cup to Qatar was a "mistake" because of the extreme heat.[6][344][345] While addressing delegates from African and Asian confederations, Blatter said allegations of corruption and some of the criticism, including those from sponsors, were "very much linked to racism and discrimination".[346] The attendance figures at the matches also came under scrutiny as the reported crowd attendance was more than the stadium capacities despite games having visible empty seats.[347]
Prior to the tournament, a reporter for Denmark's TV 2 was threatened by security during a live report from the Katara Cultural Village; the organising committee apologised, stating that they were "mistakenly interrupted".[348]Tony O'Donoghue of Ireland's RTÉ also accused Qatari police of interrupting him while filming.[349]
On 5 November 2022, The Sunday Times and the Bureau of Investigative Journalism published an investigation reporting that a group from an Indian hacking company had compromised the email accounts of various politicians, reporters, and other prominent individuals that had been critical of Qatar's hosting of the World Cup. It was also reported that the group had been hired by Jonas Rey, private investigators based in Switzerland, which were in turn hired by Qatari officials.[350]
Migrant workers
There was criticism regarding the state of human rights in Qatar and of the conditions of migrant workers brought in to build the required infrastructure, including indentured servitude and working conditions leading to deaths.[354] On 23 October 2022, an article published by The Guardian included statements from migrants working on the event infrastructure. Surveying 1,000 workers, 86% of participants said that the labour changes had improved their lives and that better working conditions are negotiable.[355] Legislation has also been proposed on the minimum wage, summertime worker safety, and the election of migrant worker representatives in businesses. Labour mobility is a result of changes to the Kafala system.[356]
According to Sharan Burrow, general secretary of the International Trade Union Confederation, prior to the tournament, "the new Kafala system tranche of law will put an end to Kafala and establish a contemporary industrial relations system."[357]
FIFA President Gianni Infantino has defended Qatar's decision to host the tournament.[358] Others have asserted that Qatar has a better human rights record than Russia and China, which were subjected to less harsh criticism for the same problems when hosting important athletic events in the years before the tournament.[359]
Move to November and December
Owing to the climate in Qatar, concerns were expressed over holding the World Cup in its traditional time frame of June and July.[6] In October 2013, a task force was commissioned to consider alternative dates and report after the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.[360] On 24 February 2015, the FIFA Task Force proposed that the tournament be played from late November to late December 2022,[361] to avoid the summer heat and also avoid clashing with the 2022 Winter Olympics in February, the 2022 Winter Paralympics in March and Ramadan in April.[362][363]
The notion of staging the tournament in November was controversial because it would interfere with the regular season schedules of some domestic leagues around the world. Commentators noted the clash with the Christian Christmas season was likely to cause disruption, whilst there was concern about how short the tournament was intended to be.[364] FIFA executive committee member Theo Zwanziger said that awarding the event to Qatar was a "blatant mistake".[365]
Frank Lowy, chairman of Football Federation Australia, said that if the 2022 World Cup were moved to November and thus upset the schedule of the A-League, they would seek compensation from FIFA.[366]Richard Scudamore, chief executive of the Premier League, stated that they would consider legal action against FIFA because a move would interfere with the Premier League's popular Christmas and New Year fixture programme.[367] In 2015, FIFA confirmed that the final would be played in December.[368] Critics condemned the Euro-centrism of these allegations, and questioned why global sporting events must be held within the traditional European summer season.[369]
Bidding corruption allegations, 2014
Some allegations were made over the role of former football official Mohammed bin Hammam played in securing the bid.[370] A former employee of the Qatar bid team alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar.[371] She retracted her claims, but later said that she was coerced to do so by Qatari bid officials.[372][373] In March 2014, it was discovered that former CONCACAF president Jack Warner and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar's successful campaign.[374]
The Sunday Times published bribery allegations based on a leak of millions of secret documents.[375] Five of FIFA's six primary sponsors, Sony, Adidas, Visa, Hyundai, and Coca-Cola, called upon FIFA to investigate the claims.[376][377]Jim Boyce, vice-president of FIFA, stated he would support a re-vote to find a new host if the corruption allegations are proven.[378][379] FIFA completed a lengthy investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing. Despite the claims, the Qataris insisted that the corruption allegations were being driven by envy and mistrust while Blatter said it was fueled by racism in the British media.[380][381]
In the 2015 FIFA corruption case, Swiss officials, operating under information from the United States Department of Justice, arrested many senior FIFA officials in Zürich and seized physical and electronic records from FIFA's main headquarters. The arrests continued in the United States, where several FIFA officers were arrested, and FIFA buildings were raided. The arrests were made on the information of at least a $150 million corruption and bribery scandal.[382] From those arrested, $40 million was forfeited under guilty pleas.[383] In 2022, the president of the El Salvador soccer association, Reynaldo Vasquez, was sentenced to 16 months in prison in connection to over $350,000 in bribes.[384]
Following the corruption case, Phaedra Almajid, the former media officer for the Qatar bid team, claimed that the allegations would result in Qatar not hosting the World Cup.[385] In an interview published on the same day, Domenico Scala, the head of FIFA's Audit and Compliance Committee, stated that "should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes, then the awards could be cancelled."[386][387]
In 2014, FIFA appointed Michael Garcia as its independent ethics investigator to look into bribery allegations against Russia and Qatar. Garcia investigated all nine bids and eleven countries involved in the 2018 and 2022 bids.[388] At the end of the investigation, Garcia submitted a 430-page report. The FIFA governing body then appointed a German judge, Hans Joachim Eckert, who reviewed and presented a 42-page summary of the report two months later. The report cleared Qatar and Russia of bribery allegations, stating that Qatar "pulled Aspire into the orbit of the bid in significant ways" but did not "compromise the integrity" of the overall bid process.[389] Michael Garcia reacted almost immediately, stating that the report is "materially incomplete" and contains "erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions".[389]
In 2017, a German journalist Peter Rossberg claimed to have obtained the report and wrote that it "does not provide proof that the 2018 or 2022 World Cup was bought" and stated that he would publish the full report. This forced FIFA to release the original report. The full report did not provide any evidence of corruption against the host of the 2022 World Cup but stated that bidders tested the rules of conduct to the limit.[390]
Russian participation
On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) handed Russia a four-year ban from all major sporting events, after RUSADA was found non-compliant for handing over manipulated lab data to investigators.[391] The Russian national team were still permitted to enter qualification, as the ban only applied to the final tournament to decide the world champions. A team representing Russia, which used the Russian flag and anthem, could not participate under the WADA decision whilst the ban was active.[392] The decision was appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport,[393] and on 17 December 2020, Russian teams were banned from competing at world championships organized or sanctioned by a WADA signatory until 16 December 2022, the day before the third place play-off.[394]
After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia's participation was further thrown into doubt. On 24 February 2022, the three teams in Russia's qualifying path—Czech Republic, Poland, and Sweden—announced their unwillingness to play any matches in Russian territory.[395] Poland and Sweden extended the boycott on 26 February to any qualifying games, and the Czech Republic made the same decision one day later.[396][397][398]
On 27 February 2022, FIFA announced a number of sanctions impacting Russia's participation in international football. Russia was prohibited from hosting international competitions, and the national team was ordered to play all home matches behind closed doors in neutral countries. Under these sanctions, Russia would not be allowed to compete under the country's name, flag, or national anthem; similarly to the Russian athletes' participation in events such as the Olympics,[399] the team would compete under the abbreviation of their national federation, the Russian Football Union ("RFU"), rather than "Russia".[400] The next day, FIFA decided to suspend Russia from international competitions "until further notice", including its participation in the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[401]
LGBT and women's rights
There are no LGBT rights in Qatar, with homosexuality as well as campaigning for LGBTQ+ rights criminalized. As such, when Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, the choice to do so in a restrictive nation saw much criticism, with the security of fans,[402] as well as the homophobic football chants of certain nations, were points of discussion.[403] The main controversy came from a last-minute FIFA decision to hand out player punishments to European captains who had months earlier announced their intention to continue wearing rainbow-colored armbands (which began in 2020) in support of anti-discrimination. Typically, kit violations incur a fine, which the teams had said they would pay; on the day of the first match involving one of the teams, FIFA reportedly told the teams that they would receive a yellow card at a minimum for wearing the armbands.[404] Qatari officials stated that all people are welcome as long as they follow the public display of affection laws which apply to everyone.[405][406]
Security officials at stadiums also confiscated items of rainbow clothing and flags featuring rainbows.[407][408] American journalist Grant Wahl was briefly detained for wearing a t-shirt with a rainbow on it.[409] Wahl reportedly received death threats for wearing the shirt, later dying at the stadium.[410][411] Other journalists with Wahl at the time of his death have reported that he began fitting or experiencing a seizure, and called for help himself. They criticized the Qatar Supreme Committee for not providing defibrillators in the stadium, as they had looked for one to try to help Wahl.[412] In response, FIFA said that according to the ambulance service, a defibrillator was made available when paramedics later arrived on scene.[413] An autopsy done on Wahl in New York City later revealed that Wahl died from an aortic aneurysm rupture.[414]
Discrimination against women in Qatar was also criticized.[415][416]Women in Qatar have few freedoms,[415][417] as they must obtain permission from their male guardians to marry, study abroad on government scholarships, work in many government jobs, travel abroad, receive certain forms of reproductive health care, and act as the primary guardian of children, even if they are divorced.[418]
Qatar attracted particular criticism for an incident where a Mexican employee of the World Cup Organizing Committee was accused of allegedly having sex outside of marriage. The woman had previously reported rape, while the male claimed to have been in a relationship with her, after which the woman was investigated for extramarital sex. Women in Qatar face the possible penalty of flagellation and a seven-year prison sentence if convicted for having sex outside of marriage. The criminal case was eventually dropped months after she was allowed to leave Qatar.[419]
In November 2022, there were reports suggesting that the government of Iran were working with Qatari officials to suppress anti-government protests at the 2022 FIFA World Cup,[420] in light of the Mahsa Amini protests. Leaked documents and audio clips suggested that Iranian government officials were in correspondence with Qatari authorities in order to handle possible protesters.[421]
In November 2022, the Qatari government revoked the visas of journalists from a London-based Iranian news channel, Iran International, known for being critical of the regime, who were seeking to cover the World Cup.[422] On 21 November 2022, during the first group stage match from Group B, between Iran and England, attempts were reportedly made by the stadium's security forces to block Iranian fans who wore clothing or carried items bearing slogans that were deemed unsympathetic to the Islamic government of Iran.[423] These included t-shirts and signs with "Woman, Life, Freedom" embedded onto them, Iran's previous flags, or any slogans containing the name of Mahsa Amini.[424] This crackdown continued throughout all of Iran's matches at the World Cup.[420] In addition to removing fans from stadiums, reports showed that officials tried to suppress any filming or photography of possible protests. In one case, Qatari police detained Danish TV presenter, Rasmus Tantholdt, for filming fans with "Woman, Life, Freedom" slogans, some of whom who had been earlier abused by a group of pro-government supporters.[425]
Treatment of Jewish and Israeli visitors
Qatar had previously promised to provide Jewish tourists with cooked kosher food and public Jewish prayer services at the tournament. However, shortly before the World Cup began, both were banned by Qatar, who claimed it could not secure the safety of Jews.[426][427] Qatar alleged that they could not "secure" the safety of publicly praying Jewish tourists, whilst many foreign Jews complained that they subsequently had no food available to eat. It was estimated that 10,000 religious Jews from Israel and around the world arrived to watch the World Cup in Qatar.[428]
Whilst Jewish organisations complained of being unable to find cooked kosher food,[428] the Israeli government said it was happy with the efforts made by Qatar to meet its requests, including kosher food, direct flights from Israel to Qatar, and temporary diplomatic representation in the country. A kosher kitchen under the supervision of Rabbi Mendy Chitrik was open in time for the first match. Rabbi Marc Schneier, president of The Foundation for Ethnic Understanding, said he had never asked the Qatari government for cooked food, and he had been the only person in communication with the Qataris regarding making the World Cup experience inclusive for Jews.[429]
Multiple Israeli reporters at the tournament reported fans from Arab nations waving Palestinian flags and chanting anti-Israeli slogans while harassing them.[301][430][431] Some Israelis reported that they had been escorted out of restaurants when their nationality was revealed.[432] The Israeli government warned its citizens traveling to the tournament to hide their Israeli identity out of safety concerns.[433]
Accommodation
The Rawdat Al Jahhaniya fan village was criticised for its overpriced "night cabins" (£185 per night) made out of shipping containers. Tourists complained that the air conditioners in the cabins did not function well, facilities were falling apart, and the sleeping experience did not match their expectations.[434] The BBC reported that the tent accommodation at the Qetaifan Island fan village got criticism for having brown-colored tap water and no air conditioning other than a standing fan.[435][436] The tent village in Al Khor was criticized for having inconvenient transportation, a lack of alcohol, long waits to check in, and no locks on the tents.[437][438] The lack of suitable and affordable accommodation raised demand for daily shuttle flights from neighboring areas, such as Dubai, that had adequate numbers of hotel rooms.[439]
Security
The Qatari government employed about 50,000 security personnel including police departments and military forces from at least thirteen countries, including Poland, Germany, France, Kuwait, Jordan, Italy, Palestine, Spain, Pakistan, Turkey, USA, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom.[440][441]
Turkey
Turkey provided about 3000 riot police personnel.[440]
Pakistan
Pakistan provided about 4,500 Army troops to Qatar for the event.[442]
^The 2018 competition in Russia featured two partially Asian venues, according to various definitions of the geographical boundary between Asia and Europe—Yekaterinburg (sits on the foothills of the Ural Mountains and acts a barrier between Europe and Asia) and Sochi. (The majority of Sochi is situated on the European side of Russia, while a small portion extends to the Asian side.)
^Qatar has very high temperatures and is quite humid during summers.[3]
^The tournament is the first not to be held in the traditional months of May, June, or July and take place in the northern autumn.[3][4]
^Citations:[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
^The average attendance at this stadium was 66,794.
^The average attendance at this stadium was 87,416.
^The average attendance at this stadium was 42,788.
^The average attendance at this stadium was 43,639.
^The average attendance at this stadium was 44,445.
^The average attendance at this stadium was 42,211.
^The average attendance at this stadium was 42,552.
^The average attendance at this stadium was 41,253.
^UEFA Path A winners, team not determined at time of draw.[116]
^CONCACAF v OFC winners, team not determined at time of draw.[116]
^AFC v CONMEBOL winners, team not determined at time of draw.[116]
^Citations:[6][302][303][304]
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2022 FIFA World Cup.
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