Charis is a genus of the Riodininitribe of metalmark butterflies (familyRiodinidae). Nineteen species have been identified within the Charis cleonus complex[3] (however, further analysis has revised this clade to contain 22 species[4]) and eight species within the Charis gynaea group (clade).[5]Charis butterflies are common in the Neotropics and often live in primary and secondary growth.[5] The Charis cleonus group exhibits contemporary parapatric distributions throughout Amazonia and are thought to have speciated allopatrically; residing in "areas of endemism".[3] Some evidence suggests that Charis (among other Riodininae groups) are reproductively isolated by mating preferences for different topographic areas and different times—of which, may have promoted speciation between the various groups.[6]
Species
Charis cleonus complex
Charis major subgroup
Charis ma Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis major (Lathy, 1932)
Charis matic Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis cleonus subgroup
Charis ariquemes Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis brasilia Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis breves Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis cacaulandia Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis caryatis Hewitson, 1866
Charis cleonus (Stoll, 1781)
Charis cuiaba Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis humaita Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis ipiranga Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis iquitos Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis manicore Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis manu Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis maues Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis negro Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis palcazu Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis rocana Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis santarem Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis tapajos Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis tefe Harvey & Hall, 2002
Charis gynaea group
Charis barnesi Hall & Harvey, 2001
Charis callaghani Hall & Harvey, 2001
Charis gallardi Hall & Harvey, 2001
Charis gynaea (Godart, 1824)
Charis nicolayi Hall & Harvey, 2001
Charis smalli Hall & Harvey, 2001
Charis zama Bates, 1868
References
^"Charis Hübner, [1819]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ a b cJason P. W. Hall and Donald J. Harvey (2002), "The Phylogeography of Amazonia Revisited: New Evidence from Riodinid Butterflies", Evolution, 56 (7): 1489–1497, doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[1489:tpoarn]2.0.co;2, PMID 12206248
^Jason P. W. Hall and Donald J. Harvey (2002), "Phylogenetic revision of the Charis cleonus complex (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)", Systematic Entomology, 27: 265–300, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2002.00173.x Full text: [1]
^ a bJason P. W. Hall and Donald J. Harvey (2001), "Phylogenetic Revision of the Charis gynaea Group (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) with Comments on Historical Relationships Among Neotropical Areas of Endemism", Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 94 (5): 631–647, doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0631:protcg]2.0.co;2
^Curtis J. Callaghan (1983), "A study of isolating mechanisms among neotropical butterflies of the subfamily Riodininae", Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 21 (3): 159–176