Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Colognian
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Colognian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Colognian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Colognian.
Notes
- ^ a b The phone [ʒ] occurs also often as a positional allophone of [j] when a final [ʃ] or [ɧ] of a word stem is either followed by a vowel of a grammatical suffix or becomes voiced under the influence of a liaison or due to coarticulation. Under normal circumstances, [j] is used to transcribe these.
- ^ Only occurs on stressed vowels. Though a falling tone in Cologne, realizations vary by dialect and accent. Compare these "accent 1" words with their "accent 2" words /ˈʃtiːf/ "stiff", /ˈhuːs/ "house (nom./acc.)", /ˈʃlɛːʃ/ "bad", /zei/ "she", /kan/ "(I/he) can" without Stoßton
- ^ Only occurs on stressed vowels. Though a high tone in Cologne, realizations vary by dialect and accent.
- ^ a b As several other Germanic languages, Colognian has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Colognian [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, /ʌ/ in words such as nut and strut is a perfect replacement for Colognian [ɐ], but the latter is an unstressed-only vowel that can also appear in open syllables, which generally cannot be said about the English /ʌ/.
Bibliography
- Hoenig, Fritz (1905). Wörterbuch der Kölner Mundart (in German) (2nd ed.). Köln.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Heike, Georg (1964). "Zur Phonologie der Stadtkölner Mundart. Eine experimentelle Untersuchung der akustischen Unterscheidungsmerkmale". Deutsche Dialektgeographie. Vol. 57. Marburg: Elwert-Verlag.
- Froitzheim, Claudia (1984). "Artikulationsnormen der Umgangssprache in Köln". Continuum. Schriftenreihe zur Linguistik. Vol. 2. Tübingen: Narr. ISBN 3-87808-332-7. (Also Dissertation at the University of Cologne, 1983).
- Wrede, Adam (1999). Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz (12th ed.). Köln: Greven Verlag. ISBN 3-7743-0243-X.
- Bhatt, Christa; Herrwegen, Alice (2005). Das Kölsche Wörterbuch (2nd ed.). Köln: J. P. Bachem-Verlag. ISBN 3-7616-1942-1.
For another simpler phonemic writing system of West Middle German and Meuse-Rhenish including Colognian, see:
See also
