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Relaciones exteriores de Australia

RG Casey House, Canberra, es la sede del Departamento de Asuntos Exteriores y Comercio .

Las relaciones exteriores de Australia están influenciadas por su posición como nación comercial líder y como donante significativo de ayuda humanitaria. La política exterior de Australia está guiada por un compromiso con el multilateralismo y el regionalismo , así como por construir fuertes relaciones bilaterales con sus aliados. Las preocupaciones clave incluyen el libre comercio, el terrorismo, los refugiados, la cooperación económica con Asia y la estabilidad en el Indo-Pacífico . Australia es activa en las Naciones Unidas y la Mancomunidad de Naciones . Dada su historia de iniciar y apoyar importantes iniciativas regionales y globales, se la ha descrito como una potencia media regional por excelencia. [1]

Mantiene vínculos importantes con la ASEAN y se ha aliado firmemente con Nueva Zelanda , a través de vínculos de larga data que se remontan al siglo XIX. El país también tiene una alianza de larga data con los Estados Unidos de América. En las últimas décadas, Australia ha buscado fortalecer su relación con los países asiáticos, convirtiéndose en el foco de la red de misiones diplomáticas del país. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] En 2021, Australia firmó una importante asociación de seguridad con el Reino Unido y los Estados Unidos de América ( AUKUS ) destinada a defender la seguridad en la región del Indopacífico.

Historia

Antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , Australia consideraba que su seguridad económica y militar estaba asegurada por ser un dominio leal del Imperio Británico y, en general, buscaba alinear sus políticas diplomáticas con las del Gobierno británico. Aunque Australia, al igual que otros dominios británicos, era signataria del Tratado de Versalles y miembro de la Sociedad de Naciones , el Gobierno británico manejaba la mayoría de los intercambios diplomáticos de Australia fuera del Imperio. [8] La llegada de la Segunda Guerra Mundial vio los primeros pasos de Australia en el establecimiento de su propia red diplomática, en particular con países económica y políticamente importantes de la Cuenca del Pacífico. El primer diplomático acreditado enviado a un país extranjero fue Richard Casey , designado como el primer Ministro de los Estados Unidos en enero de 1940. [9] Esto fue seguido poco después por la llegada del primer alto comisionado australiano a Canadá, [10] y por nombramientos de Ministros en Japón en 1940 y China en 1941. Con la entrada de Japón en la guerra en diciembre de 1941 y la consiguiente mayor vulnerabilidad de Australia a los ataques, el Gobierno de Curtin tomó una decisión crítica de buscar más de cerca la protección militar de los Estados Unidos. Desde entonces, Estados Unidos ha sido el aliado de seguridad más importante. La estrecha relación de seguridad con los Estados Unidos se formalizó en 1951 mediante el Tratado de Seguridad de Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Estados Unidos ( ANZUS ), que sigue siendo la piedra angular de los acuerdos de seguridad australianos.

Durante y después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y en paralelo con la evolución del Imperio Británico hacia la Mancomunidad de Naciones , Australia asumió progresivamente la responsabilidad de gestionar plenamente sus relaciones exteriores con otros estados. Australia firmó un acuerdo en 1944 con Nueva Zelanda que trataba sobre la seguridad, el bienestar y el progreso de los pueblos de los territorios dependientes del Pacífico (el pacto ANZAC). [11] Australia fue uno de los fundadores de las Naciones Unidas (1945) y de la Comisión del Pacífico Sur (1947), y en 1950 propuso el Plan Colombo para ayudar a los países en desarrollo de Asia. Después de la guerra, Australia desempeñó un papel en la Comisión del Lejano Oriente en Japón y apoyó la independencia de Indonesia durante la revuelta de ese país contra los holandeses (1945-1949). [12]

A medida que la Guerra Fría se profundizaba, Australia se alineó plenamente con las potencias occidentales. Además de contribuir a las fuerzas de la ONU en la Guerra de Corea (fue el primer país en anunciar que lo haría después de los Estados Unidos), Australia envió tropas para ayudar a sofocar la revuelta comunista en Malasia en 1948-60 y más tarde para combatir la invasión de Sarawak apoyada por Indonesia en 1963-65. [13] Australia envió tropas para repeler el comunismo y ayudar a las fuerzas de Vietnam del Sur y estadounidenses en la Guerra de Vietnam , en una medida que avivó el activismo contra la guerra en el país. [14] Australia ha participado activamente en la alianza de inteligencia Five Eyes , y en el acuerdo Australia-Nueva Zelanda- Reino Unido y el Acuerdo de Defensa de las Cinco Potencias , acuerdos sucesivos con Gran Bretaña y Nueva Zelanda para garantizar la seguridad de Singapur y Malasia .

Tras el fin de la Guerra Fría, Australia siguió siendo un importante contribuyente a las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas y a otras misiones de seguridad multilaterales, a menudo en alianza con los Estados Unidos. En particular, se unió a las fuerzas de la coalición en la Guerra del Golfo Pérsico en 1991, la Guerra en Afganistán (2001-2021) , la Guerra de Irak de 2003-2011 y la Guerra en Irak (2013-2017) . En 1999, las fuerzas de mantenimiento de la paz australianas intervinieron en Timor Oriental tras su referéndum para separarse de Indonesia . En 2006, Australia envió un contingente de tropas australianas al estado para ayudar en la crisis de Timor Oriental de 2006. [15] Australia también ha dirigido recientemente misiones de asistencia en materia de seguridad, mantenimiento de la paz y vigilancia policial en otros lugares de su vecindad, incluidas las Islas Salomón , Papua Nueva Guinea y Tonga .

A finales del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI, un nuevo elemento en las relaciones exteriores de Australia fue la creciente relación con la República Popular China . Después del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas en diciembre de 1972, las relaciones chino-australianas crecieron rápidamente, hasta un punto en que China se convirtió en el principal socio comercial de Australia y se establecieron amplios vínculos oficiales y entre personas. En los primeros 15 años del siglo XXI, Australia mantuvo relaciones privilegiadas tanto con Estados Unidos como con China. Desde 2017, las relaciones chino-australianas se han deteriorado drásticamente, como resultado de las críticas australianas a las políticas y acciones adoptadas bajo el Secretario General del Partido Comunista Chino, Xi Jinping . Esto ha influido fuertemente en los recientes compromisos bilaterales y multilaterales australianos, como el Pacific Step-Up con los estados insulares del Pacífico, el desarrollo de asociaciones estratégicas integrales con varios estados regionales y la búsqueda de alianzas dirigidas a contrarrestar el predominio chino en la región del Indo-Pacífico. Desde 2017, los acuerdos de seguridad existentes se han visto ampliados por un Diálogo de Seguridad Cuadrilateral revitalizado que involucra a India, Japón y Estados Unidos, la asociación de seguridad AUKUS 2021 con Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido y el Acuerdo de Acceso Recíproco Australia-Japón 2022 , que prevé una cooperación más estrecha entre Australia y Japón en materia de defensa y operaciones humanitarias.

Organismos, tratados y acuerdos internacionales

Pertenencia a organizaciones y agrupaciones internacionales

Australia, uno de los redactores de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, ha dado un firme apoyo al sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Australia ocupó la primera presidencia del Consejo de Seguridad en 1946 y proporcionó los primeros observadores militares bajo los auspicios de la ONU un año después, a Indonesia. Ha sido miembro del Consejo de Seguridad otras cuatro veces, en 1956-57, 1973-74, 1986-87 y 2013-14. [16] Ha sido elegido regularmente miembro del Consejo Económico y Social, más recientemente para 2020-22, miembro del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas en 2018-20 y de su predecesora, la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas, en la década de 1990. Australia participa de manera destacada en muchas otras actividades de las Naciones Unidas, incluidas las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, las negociaciones de desarme y el control de estupefacientes. En septiembre de 1999, actuando bajo un mandato del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, Australia encabezó una coalición internacional para restablecer el orden en Timor Oriental tras la retirada de Indonesia de ese territorio. Australia también ha participado estrechamente en la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo y la asistencia humanitaria a través de los organismos especializados , fondos y programas y comisiones regionales de las Naciones Unidas y las principales instituciones financieras internacionales, en particular el Banco Mundial , el Fondo Monetario Internacional , el Banco Asiático de Desarrollo y el Banco Asiático de Inversión en Infraestructura .

Australia es miembro del G20 , la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y el foro APEC . Participa activamente en las reuniones de los Jefes de Gobierno de la Commonwealth , el Foro de las Islas del Pacífico y otras organizaciones regionales de las Islas del Pacífico y la Asociación de la Cuenca del Océano Índico . Ha sido líder en el Grupo de Cairns , países que presionan por la reforma del comercio agrícola en la Ronda de Uruguay de las negociaciones del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT). Australia también es miembro de MIKTA , una asociación informal y diversa de potencias medias entre México, Indonesia, Corea del Sur, Turquía y Australia, liderada por sus ministros de Asuntos Exteriores, que busca promover un orden global eficaz y basado en reglas.

A principios del siglo XXI, Australia ha dedicado especial atención a promover una arquitectura regional centrada en los países de la Asociación de Naciones del Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN), para apoyar el diálogo sobre los desafíos políticos, económicos y de seguridad en la región del Indopacífico. Australia es un participante activo en el Foro Regional de la ASEAN (ARF) y en la Cumbre de Asia Oriental patrocinada por la ASEAN . El lugar de Australia en la cumbre inaugural de 2005 sólo se aseguró después de que aceptara revertir su política y adherirse al Tratado de Amistad y Cooperación en el Sudeste Asiático de la ASEAN . Australia se había mostrado reacia a firmar el tratado por temor a cómo afectaría a la obligación de Australia en virtud de otros acuerdos de tratados, incluido el ANZUS.

Tratados de seguridad

Asociación estratégica especial

Alianzas estratégicas integrales

Las asociaciones estratégicas integrales son relaciones amplias y de alto nivel que se han formalizado cada vez más en la región de Asia y el Pacífico bajo esta descripción desde principios del siglo XXI. Son acuerdos que, en general, transmiten un sentido de valor mutuo, alineación estratégica e intención positiva de fortalecer aún más los vínculos. [19] Establecen el marco para un nivel intensificado de compromiso entre los gobiernos e indican relaciones bilaterales particularmente estrechas. Australia tiene una asociación estratégica integral formal con los siguientes países y organizaciones multinacionales:

En 2014, el primer ministro australiano y el presidente chino acordaron describir la relación como una "asociación estratégica integral", lo que contribuyó a facilitar un amplio programa de colaboración. Esta asociación ha estado inactiva desde que las relaciones se deterioraron, en particular desde 2020.

Comercio

  Australia
  Tratados de libre comercio vigentes

En general, los principales socios comerciales de Australia son Estados Unidos, Corea del Sur, Japón, China y el Reino Unido. Australia tiene actualmente acuerdos de libre comercio bilaterales con Nueva Zelanda, Estados Unidos, Tailandia y Singapur (2007) y con el Reino Unido (2021). Además, Australia está realizando estudios sobre acuerdos de libre comercio con la ASEAN, China, Chile, India, Indonesia y Malasia.

Armamento

Para reforzar su política exterior, Australia mantiene un ejército muy bien equipado. Según SIPRI , Australia es el cuarto mayor importador de armas importantes del mundo. [28] Estados Unidos suministró el 60 por ciento de las importaciones de Australia y España el 29 por ciento. [29] Todos los servicios armados han recibido nuevas armas importantes en 2014-18, pero principalmente aviones y barcos. Los aviones de combate F-35 y los aviones de guerra antisubmarina de los Estados Unidos representaron el 53 por ciento de las importaciones de armas australianas en 2014-18, mientras que los barcos de España representaron el 29 por ciento. Se destacan las grandes entregas de aviones y barcos adicionales. [29]

Australia está modernizando sus fuerzas armadas, pero también adquiriendo armas que aumentan significativamente sus capacidades de largo alcance. Entre las armas importadas en 2010-14 se encuentran 5 aviones cisterna y el primero de 2 buques de asalto anfibio de España, junto con 2 grandes aviones de transporte y 4 aviones de alerta temprana aerotransportada (AEW) de los EE. UU. Australia también recibió 26 aviones de combate de los EE. UU., con 82 más en pedido (véase el recuadro 3), así como 8 aviones de guerra antisubmarina de los EE. UU. y 3 destructores Hobart de España. Las importaciones de armas importantes de Australia aumentaron un 37 por ciento entre 2010 y 2014 y 2014-18, lo que la convierte en el cuarto mayor importador del mundo según SIPRI . [29]

En 2021, después de que Australia pusiera fin a su misión militar de 20 años en Afganistán, los funcionarios de defensa mantuvieron conversaciones formales sobre el fortalecimiento de los lazos militares con los Emiratos Árabes Unidos . Sin embargo, los grupos de derechos humanos dijeron que era "muy preocupante" presenciarlo, ya que los Emiratos fueron acusados ​​de llevar a cabo "ataques ilegales" en naciones devastadas por la guerra como Libia y Yemen . [30]

En diciembre de 2021, Australia firmó un acuerdo de adquisición de defensa con Corea del Sur por valor de 1.000 millones de dólares australianos (720 millones de dólares estadounidenses) para artillería moderna , camiones de suministro y radares suministrados por la empresa de defensa surcoreana Hanwha . El presidente surcoreano Moon Jae-in y el primer ministro australiano Scott Morrison se reunieron para la firma del acuerdo y, además, anunciaron que estaban mejorando formalmente la relación entre Australia y Corea del Sur a una "asociación estratégica integral". [31]

Ayuda internacional

Según el grupo de expertos australiano Lowy Institute , Australia es el mayor socio de desarrollo de la región del Pacífico, y entre 2008 y 2021 desembolsó 17.000 millones de dólares australianos en ayuda internacional, lo que representa el 40% de la financiación para el desarrollo en el extranjero de la región. La ayuda internacional australiana en el Pacífico superó a otros socios regionales, incluidos el Banco Asiático de Desarrollo , China , Nueva Zelanda y Japón . Entre 2019 y 2021, la financiación para el desarrollo en el extranjero de Australia en el Pacífico aumentó de 1.340 millones de dólares australianos en 2019 a 1.890 millones de dólares australianos en 2021. [32]

En mayo de 2024, RNZ informó que el Gobierno de Albania había aumentado ligeramente el presupuesto de ayuda exterior de Australia en un cuatro por ciento, con lo que su presupuesto total de ayuda para 2024-2025 ascendió a 4.961 millones de dólares australianos. En agosto de 2023, el Gobierno había publicado su nueva estrategia de desarrollo internacional, que prometía nuevas estrategias de ayuda humanitaria, de género y para países. [33]

Relaciones diplomáticas

En 2011, Australia había establecido relaciones diplomáticas formales con todos los miembros de las Naciones Unidas, así como con la Santa Sede , Kosovo , las Islas Cook y (en 2014) Niue . En muchos casos, las relaciones diplomáticas se mantienen sobre una base de no residencia, con el embajador o alto comisionado australiano basado en otro país. Desde 2012, las relaciones diplomáticas han sido efectivamente suspendidas con la República Árabe Siria , sin que se mantenga la acreditación diplomática de ninguno de los dos países, pero las relaciones consulares continúan. [34] En el caso de Afganistán, tras la toma de poder de los talibanes en 2021, las relaciones diplomáticas se encuentran en un estado ambiguo, ya que Australia cerró "temporalmente" su embajada en Kabul y no reconoció al gobierno del Emirato Islámico, pero mantuvo las credenciales de la embajada de la República Islámica de Afganistán en Canberra. [35] Varias misiones canadienses brindan asistencia consular a los australianos en países de África donde Australia no mantiene una oficina (y Australia aplica este acuerdo recíproco para Canadá en algunos otros países) a través del Acuerdo de Intercambio de Servicios Consulares entre Canadá y Australia . [36]

Debido a la Política de Una Sola China de la República Popular China, la Oficina de Australia en Taiwán (anteriormente Oficina de Comercio e Industria de Australia) representa de manera extraoficial los intereses de Australia en Taiwán y cumple una función similar a la de otros consulados australianos.

Lista

Lista de países con los que Australia mantiene relaciones diplomáticas:

Relaciones bilaterales

África

Américas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

Australia is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional organisations. As part of its Pacific Step-Up initiative announced in 2016[706] Australia has uniquely established resident High Commissions and embassies in all independent and self governing members of the Pacific Islands Forum as well as consulates-general in New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Australia provides aid to many of its developing Pacific Islands neighbours, and to Papua New Guinea. For decades, it has been the largest donor of aid to the Oceania region.[707] China and New Zealand, the next biggest donors, donated only one sixth of Australia's aid during the 2010s.[708]

Since the end of the Cold War, the understanding from the United States has been that Australia and New Zealand would assume responsibility for the security of much of the Oceania region, whom they already share pre-existing cultural and economic ties to.[709]

Australia's approach to the Pacific has included frequent references to what it has perceived as an "Arc of Instability" among its island neighbours. In August 2006 Australian Defence Minister Brendan Nelson stated to the Australian Parliament:

We cannot afford to have failing states in our region. The so-called 'arc of instability', which basically goes from East Timor through to the south-west Pacific states, means that not only does Australia have a responsibility in preventing and indeed assisting with humanitarian and disaster relief, but also that we cannot allow any of these countries to become havens for transnational crime, nor indeed havens for terrorism.[710]

As from early 2008, the Australian government led by Kevin Rudd began what it called a "new approach" to relations between Australia and the Pacific, appointing a Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Duncan Kerr. In February, Kerr and fellow Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Bob McMullan visited Samoa, Tonga and Kiribati in February, and stated:

Broadly, the approach is one of much more partnership and engagement on the basis of mutual respect. We're not going to be lecturing or hectoring, we're going to try and work together with them and I think we set a pretty good standard with the way we started. The relationships we've established with ministers and leaders in those countries [Kiribati, Tonga and Samoa] is very positive.[711]

Richard Marles, the deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party, has strongly advocated for Australia to prioritize its role in the Pacific. In 2021, he wrote a book titled Tides that bind: Australia in the Pacific, and claimed in an interview that, "By any measure, we are huge part of the Pacific. We're the largest donor into the Pacific, we've got the biggest diplomatic footprint in the Pacific, we've got the most development resources in the Pacific of any country. For most of the Pacific, we're the most important bilateral relationship they have, more important than the United States, more important than China."[712]

See also

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Further reading

External links