Lista de los principales tanques de batalla por generación

Chronological listing of main battle tanks

Tanque de batalla principal británico Centurion

Tanque de batalla principal T-54

Los carros de combate principales suelen clasificarse como pertenecientes a una generación en particular, aunque la definición real y la pertenencia a estas generaciones no están definidas. Los planificadores militares soviéticos organizan los tanques con la primera generación de tanques hasta 1950, y cuatro generaciones de tanques ^[1] (siendo el primer tanque de combate principal el T-64 de tercera generación ), mientras que los estrategas estadounidenses organizan los tanques de combate principales en tres generaciones. ^{[Nota 1] [2]} El ejército de la República Popular China también reconoce tres generaciones de sus propios tanques.

En 1973, Rolf Hilmes vio tres generaciones de tanques y tres "generaciones intermedias", que consistían principalmente en vehículos mejorados. ^[3] La primera generación de tanques de batalla principales se basó o influyó en los diseños de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , más notablemente el T-34 soviético . ^[4] La segunda generación estaba equipada con protección NBC (solo a veces), dispositivos de visión nocturna, un cañón principal estabilizado y al menos un sistema de control de fuego mecánico. ^[4] La tercera generación está determinada en el lenguaje occidental por el uso de cámaras termográficas, sistemas de control de fuego digital y blindaje especial (compuesto) ^[4] (la doctrina soviética, sin embargo, resta importancia a la visión térmica y al control de fuego electrónico, prefiriendo cañones de gran calibre y motores de alta potencia).

Sin embargo, Hilmes reconoció que los tanques no pueden agruparse definitivamente por generaciones, ya que cada país productor de tanques desarrolla e introduce sus tanques en sintonía con sus propias ideas y necesidades. También afirmó que la clasificación de los tanques de posguerra por generaciones se basa en el marco temporal y en factores técnicos, como base para un debate posterior.

Primera Generación

Segunda Generación

La segunda generación tenía capacidades mejoradas de combate nocturno y, en la mayoría de los casos, protección NBQ . La mayoría de los tanques occidentales de esta generación estaban armados con el cañón de tanque Royal Ordnance L7 de 105 mm o derivados del mismo.

Tercera generación

La tercera generación de carros de combate principales se caracteriza por un blindaje compuesto y sistemas de control de fuego estabilizados por ordenador, que permiten disparar en movimiento, así como una probabilidad muy alta de primer impacto en objetivos situados hasta 2.000 metros de distancia.

Modernized

These are third-generation tanks modernized with fourth-generation technology.

Fourth Generation

Next generation^{[24][better source needed]} or fourth generation tanks are still under development or at early stages of their generation. While the term "(fourth) next generation" has no formal basis, these main battle tanks are using the latest technology and designs to compete in the current advanced warfare environment.^{[vague][citation needed]}

See also

• Armored bulldozer
• Armoured car
• Armoured personnel carrier (APC)
• Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV)
• Armoured fighting vehicle classification
• Armoured recovery vehicle
• Armoured vehicle-launched bridge
• ASM Program (cancelled due to the end of the Cold War)
• Cruiser tank
• Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles
• Future Combat Systems
• Future Force Unit of Action
• Heavy tank
• Improvised fighting vehicle
• Infantry fighting vehicle (IFV)
• Infantry mobility vehicle
• Infantry tank
• Light tank
• List of armoured fighting vehicles
• List of armoured trains
• List of main battle tanks by country
• List of modern armoured fighting vehicles
• List of U.S. military vehicles by model number
• Medium Mine Protected Vehicle
• Medium Tank
• Military engineering vehicle
• Reconnaissance vehicle
• Super-heavy tank
• Tank destroyer
• Tankette

Explanatory notes

1. "The Canadian Directorate of Land Strategic Concept defines three generations of Main Battle Tanks. The first generation of post World War II Main Battle Tanks includes the U.S. M48/M60, the German Leopard 1 and the British Centurion and Chieftain. The second generation includes most of the 120 mm Main Battle Tanks such as the American M1A1, the German Leopard 2 and the British Challenger. As for the third generation Main Battle Tank, they include the latest 'digital' tank such as the French Leclerc and perhaps the American M1A2 and the German Leopard 2A5."

• Note to the Pancerni website source: Translation of most important parts of 1st, 2nd, 2.5 and 3rd generation MBTs characteristics: "The first generation MBTs are tanks made immediately after WWII. The second generation MBTs have better sights in comparison to the first generation MBTs. Also second generation MBTs were the first ones to use laser sights and APFSDS rounds. The third generation consists of tanks armed with high caliber and velocity guns like M1A1 Abrams. Third generation tanks also use composite armour as well as armour made out of highly resistant sintered ceramic materials. Third generation tanks also have full stabilization system for the main gun. There are tanks between second and third generations, like Soviet T-72 which has powerful gun which would classify it as a third generation MBT but at the same time the stabilization system is much too primitive for it to a third generation MBT. It also lacks engine power to be a third generation MBT and has ammunition with less quality."

Citations

1. Sewell, Stephen 'Cookie' (1998). "Why Three tanks?" (PDF). Armor. 108 (4). US Army Armor Center, Fort Knox, KY: 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-28. The Soviets saw tank generations in this manner: 1920–1945, first generation; 1946–1960, second generation; 1961–1980, third generation; and 1981–present, fourth generation. Since the last really new tank design, the T-80, came out in 1976, they feel that they have not produced a true Fourth Generation Tank Design. In comparison, they count the M1, Challenger, and Leopard 2 as Fourth Generation and the LeClerc as Fifth Generation.
2. Lamontagne 2003, pp. 7–8.
3. Hilmes, Rolf (1983). Kampfpanzer der Die Entwickelungen der Nachkriegszeit (in German). Verlag Soldat und Technik. ISBN 3-524-89001-6, p. 7.
4. Hilmes 1983, p. 8.
5. Czołgi (in Polish), Pancerni.net, p. 2, archived from the original on 2009-02-21, retrieved 2008-07-03^{[unreliable source?]}
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8. ROMANIAN TANK – A HISTORY
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11. Czołgi (in Polish), Pancerni.net, p. 3, archived from the original on 2008-07-03, retrieved 2008-07-03^{[unreliable source?]}
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17. The Military Balance 2023, p. 194
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19. Leopard 2PL
20. Italian army starts trials of upgraded C1 Ariete AMV MBT Main Battle Tank
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General and cited references

• Hilmes, Rolf (1983). Kampfpanzer: der Die Entwickelungen der Nachkriegszeit (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Soldat und Technik. ISBN 3-524-89001-6. OCLC 13410347.
• Hunnicutt, RP (1984). Patton: Una historia del tanque de batalla principal estadounidense . Novato, California: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-230-1.OCLC 471892846  .
• Lamontagne, JG Pierre (2003). ¿Han terminado los días del tanque de batalla principal? (PDF) (Máster en Estudios de Defensa). Toronto: Canadian Forces College.