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Italian units of measurement

A variety of units of measurement were used in the various independent Italian states and Italian dependencies of foreign empires up to the unification of Italy in the 19th century. The units to measure length, volume, mass, etc., could differ widely between countries or between towns in a country (e.g. Rome and Ancona), but usually not between a country and its capital.

The Kingdom of Sardinia included the island of Sardinia and the continental areas of Piedmont (with the capital Turin) and Liguria (with Genoa). The Kingdom of Naples included the island of Sicily (with Palermo). The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was part of the Austrian Empire, which also shared ruling family with Modena, Parma and Tuscany (capital Florence). The Papal States included the areas of Latium (with the capital Rome), Umbria, Romagna (with Bologna) and the Marches (with Ancona).

An example of a Tavole di ragguaglio (Conversion Table) in 1860 when Tuscany became part of modern Italy.

Milan adopted the metric system in 1803, during the Napoleonic wars, albeit reusing names of older units.[1][2] After the Congress of Vienna, the various Italian states reverted to their original systems of measurements.

In 1845 Sardinia passed legislation to introduce the metric system within five years. In 1859 Lombardy (but not Venetia) was annexed. In 1860 Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Umbria, Romagna and the Marches, and the Two Sicilies (Naples) were assimilated into Sardinia and under the Law 132 of 28 July 28, 1861 the metric system became the official system of measurement throughout the (this year) Italian kingdom.[3] The last to be incorporated were Venetia (1866), and the rest of the Papal States (1870).

For historical Roman measurements see Ancient Roman units of measurement. The following is a list of units before the adoption of the metric system as well as local names for metric-based units.

Over time many unit names were reused for metric units, adding an unnecessary obstacle to the system change. These units are marked with €. They are also placed after the traditional.

Length

Units varied from one province or city to another.[2] In the north the atomo was the smallest unit.[4]

Dedicated use:  # architect's   † commercial   ‡ mercer's

Mass

One libbra (pound) differed between 307[2] and 398 g.[1]Several countries used both a light and a heavy pound.

Dedicated use:  # gold   ∆ silver   § jewels   † apothecaries'   ‡ silk   @ spices, drugs and pigments   ¥ commercial   ¢ oil     ship cargoes: Σ grain   flour etc   § salt

Area

Dedicated use:  # architect's

Volume (dry)

Dry and wet capacity (volume) were usually two separate systems, but a few units were universally handled, mostly in countries that had had experience with the metric system. (One of the sources do not state what subsystem they are handling).[12]

Dedicated use:  # firewood   † grain   ‡ salt   ∆ oats and legumes   Σ coal

Volume (liquids)

There are also a unit cantara:[27] no specifics.

Dedicated use:  # wine   † spirits   ‡ oil

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Washburn 1926, p. 8.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Cardarelli 2003, p. 87.
  3. ^ Borgato 2006.
  4. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 2: Atomo, p. 102.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Clarke 1891, p. 80.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 6: Fuß, p. 1018.
  7. ^ a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 5: Dito, p. 47.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 3: Braccio, p. 357.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Cardarelli 2003, p. 88.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 12: Miglio, p. 80.
  11. ^ a b Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 4: Decimo, p. 655.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 11: Maße, p. 1024c.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Clarke 1891, p. 52.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Clarke 1891, p. 53.
  15. ^ a b c d Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 4: Decima, p. 655.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 3: Canna, p. 836.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Clarke 1891, p. 69.
  18. ^ a b Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 4: Corda, p. 324.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Clarke 1891, p. 63.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Clarke 1891, p. 58.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Clarke 1891, p. 67.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 4: Denaro, p. 730.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Clarke 1891, p. 76.
  24. ^ a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 7: Grano, p. 865.
  25. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 14: Quarto, p. 371.
  26. ^ a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 14: Quintale, p. 398.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 3: Cantaro, p. 842.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h Clarke 1891, p. 81.
  29. ^ a b c d e Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 11: Marco, p. 908.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 11: Libbra, p. 311.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 14: Rubbio, p. 974.
  32. ^ a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 13: Peso, p. 720.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 3: Centinajo, p. 954.
  34. ^ a b c d Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 14: Rotolo, p. 954.
  35. ^ a b Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 13: Onza, p. 190.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Clarke 1891, p. 64.
  37. ^ a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 4: Decina, p. 655.
  38. ^ a b c d e Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 6: Ferlino, p. 305.
  39. ^ a b c d e Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 12: Mina, p. 338.
  40. ^ a b c d Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 4: Coppo, p. 321.
  41. ^ a b c d e f Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 12: Morgen, p. 529.
  42. ^ a b c d e Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 12: Morgen, p. 530.
  43. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 7: Giornata, p. 584.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 16: Soma, p. 84.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 12: Mezzetta, p. 257.
  46. ^ a b c d e f Clarke 1891, p. 54.
  47. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 5: Emine, p. 740.
  48. ^ a b c d e f Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 15: Sacco, p. 46.
  49. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 7: Gombetta, p. 750.
  50. ^ a b c d e Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 2: Barile, p. 473.
  51. ^ a b c d e Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 12: Mezzo, p. 257.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 3: Boccale, p. 152.
  53. ^ a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 3: Brenta, p. 460.
  54. ^ a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 13: Pinta, p. 942.
  55. ^ a b Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 6: Fiasco, p. 404.
  56. ^ a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon vol 6: Foglietta, p. 607.

References

Borgato, Maria Teresa (6–9 September 2006). "The first applications of the metric system in Italy" (PDF). The Global and the Local:The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS. Cracow, Poland: The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 March 2011.

Cardarelli, F. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins. London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-1122-1. Cardarelli.

Clarke, F. W. (1891). Weights Measures and Money of All Nations. New York: D. Appleton & Company.

"Atomo". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 2 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 102.

"Barile" [Barrel]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 2 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 473.

"Boccale". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 152.

"Braccio" [Ell]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 357.

"Brenta". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 460.

"Canna". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 836.

"Cantaro" [Hundredweight]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 842.

"Centesimo". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 954.

"Centinajo". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 954.

"Coppo" [Cup]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 321.

"Corda". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 324.

"Decima". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 655.

"Decimo". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 655.

"Decina". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 655.

"Denaro". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 730.

"Dito". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 5 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 47.

"Emine". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 5 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 740.

"Ferlino". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 6 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 305.

"Fiasco". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 6 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 404.

"Foglietta". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 6 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 607.

"Fuß" [Foot]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 6 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 1018.

"Giornata" [Acre]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 7 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 584.

"Gombetta". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 7 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 750.

"Grano" [Grain]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 7 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 865.

"Libbra" [Pound]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 11 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 311.

"Marco". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 11 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 908.

"Maße" [Units of measurement]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 11 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 1024c.

"Meta". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 12 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 190.

"Mezzetta". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 12 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 257.

"Mezzo". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 12 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 257.

"Miglio" [Mile]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 12 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 80.

"Mina". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 12 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 338.

"Morgen" [Acre]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 12 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897.

"Onza". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 13 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 190.

"Palmo" [Handsbreath]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 13 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 448.

"Peso". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 13 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 720.

"Pinta" [Pint]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 13 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 942.

"Quarto". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 14 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 371.

"Quintale" [Quintal]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 14 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 398.

"Rotolo". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 14 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 954.

"Rubbio". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 14 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 974.

"Sacco" [Sack]. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 15 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 46.

"Soldo". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 16 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 73.

"Soma". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 16 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 84.

"Talandon". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 16 (5th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. 1897. p. 660.

Washburn, E. W. (1926). International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 8. international critical tables 1926.