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Gamelán

Gamelan ( / ˈ ɡ æ m ə l æ n / [2] ) ( javanés : ꦒꦩꦼꦭꦤ꧀ , sundanés : ᮌᮙᮨᮜᮔ᮪ , balinés : ᬕᬫᭂᬮᬦ᭄ ) es la música de conjunto tradicional de los pueblos javanés , sundanés y balinés de Indonesia , compuesta predominantemente por instrumentos de percusión . [3] [4] Los instrumentos más comunes utilizados son metalófonos (tocados con mazos ) y un conjunto de tambores de mano llamados kendang , que mantienen el ritmo . El kemanak , un idiófono con forma de plátano , y el gangsa , otro metalófono, también son instrumentos de gamelan comúnmente utilizados en Bali . Otros instrumentos notables incluyen xilófonos , flautas de bambú (similares al bansuri indio ), un instrumento de cuerda frotada llamado rebab (algo similar al gadulka de Bulgaria ) y un instrumento similar a la cítara llamado siter , utilizado en el gamelan javanés. Además, pueden aparecer vocalistas, a los que se hace referencia como sindhen para las mujeres o gerong para los hombres. [5]

Aunque la popularidad del gamelan ha disminuido ligeramente desde la introducción de la música popular moderna en Indonesia, la forma de arte aún es ampliamente respetada y se toca comúnmente en muchas ceremonias tradicionales. También se puede realizar como entretenimiento para algunos eventos modernos, como funciones culturales, corporativas, gubernamentales o educativas oficiales, tanto formales como informales. El gamelan también se organiza y se interpreta tradicionalmente para acompañar rituales religiosos , ceremonias , teatro de danza , teatro-danza , teatro tradicional indonesio , teatro de marionetas wayang , canto , conciertos , festivales , exhibiciones y muchos más. Muchos consideran que el gamelan es una parte integral de la cultura indonesia . [6]

En 2014, las tradiciones del Gamelan fueron reconocidas como parte del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial Nacional de Indonesia por el Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Indonesia . [7]

El 15 de diciembre de 2021, el gamelan fue inscrito en la Lista Representativa del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad de la UNESCO . La nominación se basa en la conexión arqueológica con Borobudur e incluye un enfoque en su papel en el fomento de un sentido de identidad y orgullo nacional, además de aspectos de bienestar como la salud mental, el desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales y la conexión entre su cosmología y una ética de respeto y cuidado mutuos. La lista incluye el gamelan javanés (gamelan jawa) de Java Central y la Región Especial de Yogyakarta , el gamelan balinés (gamelan bali) de Bali , el gamelan sundanés (gamelan sunda) de Java Occidental , el gamelan madurés (gamelan madura) y el gamelan banyuwangi (gamelan banyuwangi) de Java Oriental , Gendang beleq de Nusa Tenggara Occidental , el gamelan banjarés (gamelan banjar) de Kalimantan del Sur , el gamelan peking de Lampung y el talempong de Sumatra Occidental como Obra Maestra del Patrimonio Oral e Inmaterial de la Humanidad de Indonesia , y alienta al pueblo indonesio y al gobierno indonesio a salvaguardar, transmitir, promover y desarrollar el gamelan. [8] Los métodos incluyen el apoyo a festivales nacionales, internacionales y provinciales, el establecimiento de planes de estudio educativos que incluyen el programa Gamelan Goes to School, la intención de aumentar el número de asociaciones regionales de gamelan y la diplomacia cultural enviando especialistas en gamelan a universidades globales. [ cita requerida ]

Etimología

La palabra gamelan proviene de la palabra javanesa gamel ( ꦒꦩꦼꦭ꧀ ), que se refiere a tocar instrumentos de percusión o al acto de golpear con un mazo , y el sufijo formador de sustantivo an . [9] [5] [10] El gamelan en sundanés es Degung ( Degung ), la palabra Degung aparentemente es un antiguo término sundanés, que se refiere a gongs y conjuntos de gong . Por esta razón, las palabras degung y gong son esencialmente sinónimos de la palabra gamelan . Al mismo tiempo, la expresión gamelan degung puede ser una forma de señalar un conjunto de gamelan afinado a escala degung. [11] El término karawitan ( ꦏꦫꦮꦶꦠꦤ꧀ ) se refiere a la música gamelan clásica y a la práctica interpretativa, y proviene de la palabra javanesa rawit ( ꦫꦮꦶꦠ꧀ ) de origen sánscrito , que significa 'intrincado' o 'finamente trabajado', [10] refiriéndose al sentido de suavidad y elegancia idealizado en la música javanesa. Otra palabra, pangrawit ( ꦥꦁꦫꦮꦶꦠ꧀ ), significa una persona con tal sentido, y se usa como un honorífico cuando se habla de músicos de gamelan estimados. La palabra en alto javanés para gamelan es gangsa ( ꦒꦁꦱ ), formada a partir de las palabras tembaga ( ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦒ ) y rejasa ( ꦉꦗꦱ ) que hacen referencia a los materiales utilizados en la construcción del gamelan de bronce (cobre y estaño), o tiga ( ꦠꦶꦒ ) y sedasa ( ꦱꦼꦢꦱ ) que hacen referencia a sus proporciones (tres y diez). [12]

Historia

Músicos interpretando un conjunto musical, bajorrelieve del siglo VIII del templo de Borobudur , Java Central , Indonesia

El gamelan es anterior a la cultura hindú-budista que dominaba Indonesia en sus primeros registros y, por lo tanto, representa una forma de arte autóctona de Indonesia . En contraste con la fuerte influencia india en otras formas de arte, la única influencia india obvia en la música gamelan está en el estilo de canto javanés, sundanés y balinés, y en los temas del wayang kulit y wayang golek (obras de marionetas de sombras). [13]

En la mitología javanesa, el gamelan fue creado por Sang Hyang Guru en la era Saka 167 ( c.  230 d. C. ), el dios que gobernaba como rey de toda Java desde un palacio en la montaña Maendra en Medang Kamulan (ahora Monte Lawu ). Necesitaba una señal para invocar a los dioses y por eso inventó el gong. Para mensajes más complejos, inventó otros dos gongs, formando así el juego de gamelan original. [14]

La imagen más antigua de un conjunto musical se encuentra en el bajorrelieve del monumento budista del siglo VIII de Borobudur , Java Central. [1] Los músicos de Borobudur tocan instrumentos de cuerda similares al laúd , varios tambores kendang , varias flautas suling , platillos , campanas , metalófonos y xilófonos . Algunos de estos instrumentos musicales están incluidos en una orquesta de gamelan completa. En esta imagen se identificaron instrumentos musicales como metalófonos ( saron , kenong , kecer ), xilófonos ( gambang ), la flauta de bambú ( suling ), tambores de varios tamaños (kendang), platillos, campanas (genta) e instrumentos de cuerda pulsada y de arco. [15] Se sugiere que estos relieves de este conjunto musical son la forma antigua del gamelan.

Los instrumentos evolucionaron hasta su forma actual durante el Imperio Majapahit . Según las inscripciones y manuscritos ( Nagarakretagama y Kakawin Sutasoma ) que datan del período Majapahit, el reino incluso tenía una oficina gubernamental encargada de supervisar las artes escénicas, incluido el gamelan. La oficina de artes supervisaba la construcción de instrumentos musicales, así como la programación de actuaciones en la corte. [1]

El gamelan se menciona en el Kakawin Nagarakertagama en un manuscrito en hojas de palma llamado lontar que fue escrito por Mpu Prapanca en 1365 d. C. Una colección de la Biblioteca Nacional de Indonesia en Yakarta

En Bali, existen varios gamelan selonding que han existido desde el siglo IX durante el reinado de Sri Kesari Warmadewa . [16] [17] Algunas palabras que hacen referencia al gamelan selonding se encontraron en algunas inscripciones y manuscritos balineses antiguos. Hoy en día, el gamelan selonding se almacena y se conserva bien en los templos antiguos de Bali. Se considera sagrado y se utiliza para ceremonias religiosas, especialmente cuando se celebra la gran ceremonia. Gamelan Selonding es parte de la vida diaria y la cultura de algunos pueblos indígenas en aldeas antiguas como Bungaya, Bugbug , Seraya, Tenganan Pegringsingan , Timbrah, Asak, Ngis, Bebandem , Besakih y Selat en la regencia de Karangasem .

La corte del sultán de Yogyakarta , c. 1876. Representación de la danza sagrada Bedhaya acompañada por un conjunto de gamelan javanés

En la corte de Java ( Sunanate de Surakarta y Sultanato de Yogyakarta ) los conjuntos más antiguos conocidos, Gamelan Munggang y Gamelan Kodok Ngorek, son aparentemente del siglo XII. [18] Estos formaron la base de un "estilo fuerte" de música. Estos Gamelan son los instrumentos de gamelan más antiguos que existen y aún se conservan bien en las cortes. Los Gamelans se convierten en la reliquia de las cortes javanesas. Gamelan Kodhok Ngorek y Gamelan Monggang son gamelan sagrados que solo sonarán para ceremonias rituales de la corte javanesa, como Jumenengan (ceremonia de coronación) del sultán, dar la bienvenida a invitados muy respetados en el palacio, bodas reales y Garebeg. [19] Este gamelan solo es propiedad de la corte y el público en general no puede tener un juego de gamelan similar.

En la cultura wengker o Ponorogo , en el siglo XV el Gamelan Reyog no sólo se utilizaba para acompañar el arte del Reog Ponorogo sino que también se utilizaba durante la guerra, las tropas de ki Ageng Surya Alam de la aldea de Kutu jugaban al gamelan reyog antes de que se produjera la guerra contra Majapahit, que estaba en coalición con Demak durante el ataque. Wengker, como resultado Wengker siempre obtiene su victoria antes de que la reliquia de ki Ageng Surya Alam caiga en manos del enemigo. [20]

Un "estilo suave" se desarrolló a partir de la tradición kemanak y está relacionado con las tradiciones de canto de poesía javanesa , de una manera que a menudo se cree que es similar al coro que acompaña a la danza moderna bedhaya . En el siglo XVII, estos estilos fuertes y suaves se mezclaron, y en gran medida, la variedad de estilos de gamelan modernos de Bali, Java y Sunda resultó de diferentes formas de mezclar estos elementos. Por lo tanto, a pesar de la aparente diversidad de estilos, muchos de los mismos conceptos teóricos, instrumentos y técnicas se comparten entre los estilos. [21]

Varios instrumentos musicales javaneses en Gamelan Salindro , La historia de Java de Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781–1826).

En el Sultanato de Cirebon , en la costa norte de Java. El gamelan Sakati en el Keraton Kasepuhan tiene su origen en el Sultanato de Demak en 1495, que fue un regalo del Sultán Trenggono de Demak para el matrimonio de Ratu Mas Nyawa (hija de Raden Patah, rey de Demak) con el Príncipe Bratakelana (hijo de Sunan Gunung Jati de su esposa Syarifah Bagdad). [22] Este gamelan está estrechamente relacionado con los primeros días de la expansión del Islam por Wali Sanga en Java . En el Keraton Kasepuhan , el gamelan Sakati se toca en el mes Idul Adha del Hajj (Zulhijah) en el edificio Sri Manganti cuando el sultán y sus familiares se dirigen a la Gran Mezquita. Este gamelan se conserva en el Museo Pusaka Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon. [23]

En Lamongan , Java Oriental , hay un antiguo gamelan del siglo XV llamado Gamelan Singo Mengkok . Este gamelan es un legado de Sunan Drajat (uno de los Wali Sanga ) que se utilizó para difundir la religión islámica en Paciran, Lamongan. Lo batieron los Amigos de Sunan Drajat para acompañar el tembang Pangkur (panguri isine Qur'an) creado por el propio Sunan Drajat. Este conjunto de gamelan es una aculturación de la cultura hindú-budista e islámica, teniendo en cuenta que la comunidad circundante es hindú, por lo que es fácilmente aceptado por la comunidad. El Gamelan Singo Mengkok ahora se almacena en el Museo Sunan Drajat en Lamongan . [24]

Gamelan Munggang javanés (uno de los gamelanes sagrados) jugado (como parte de un ritual ) en Surakarta Sunanate , Java Central , Indonesia , 2000

En el reino islámico de Mataram, Gamelan Kanjeng Kyai Guntur Sari se fabricó en 1566 [25] y Gamelan Kanjeng Kyai Guntur Madu se fabricó en 1642 durante el reinado del Sultán Agung . [26] Ambos gamelanes se denominan Gamelan Sekati ( Gamelan Sekaten ), que solo se toca/suena para acompañar la ceremonia Sekaten . Gamelan Sekaten en Surakarta y Yogyakarta se tocará una vez al año durante una semana frente a la Gran Mezquita. Este gamelan solo lo toca la familia real y los cortesanos bajo condiciones estrictas, vistiendo ropas tradicionales prescritas y tocando cierta música sagrada que ha existido durante siglos. El Gamelan Sekaten existe en mitades: dividido entre las dos cortes rivales en Surakarta y Yogyakarta, cada corte tenía una segunda mitad a juego.

En Sumedang , Java Occidental , hay una reliquia del Reino de Sumedang Larang , hay un Gamelan Panglipur perteneciente al Príncipe Rangga Gede / Kusumahdinata IV (1625-1633) que también es el regente de Mataram . [27] Gamelan fue creado deliberadamente para entretenerse después de que su amado hijo muriera. El gamelan de Panglipur junto con otros 9 juegos de gamelan antiguos se conservan en el Museo Prabu Geusan Ulun en Sumedang Regency . [28] Uno de los diez juegos de gamelan es el gamelan Sari Oneng Parakansalak de Sukabumi , Java Occidental , que el 31 de marzo de 1889 participó en la celebración de la inauguración de la Torre Eiffel en París, Francia. [29] [30]

El 5 de septiembre de 1977, Gending ketawang puspawarna ( música gamelan javanesa ) creada por Mangkunegara IV (1853-1881) fue transportada por dos satélites de la Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y del Espacio (NASA) llamados Voyager I y Voyager II . Los satélites están a cargo de realizar observaciones sobre planetas en el espacio exterior. Los dos satélites están equipados con discos de cobre bañados en oro con un diámetro de 12 pulgadas. Este disco contiene mensajes grabados desde la Tierra para los extraterrestres que puedan encontrarlos. [31] [32]

Instrumentos

Un sindhen canta una canción javanesa acompañado por un conjunto de gamelan.

Un gamelan es un conjunto multitímbrico formado por metalófonos , xilófonos , flautas , gongs , voces , así como cuerdas pulsadas y frotadas . El tambor tocado a mano llamado kendang controla el tempo y el ritmo de las piezas, así como las transiciones de una sección a otra, mientras que un instrumento da pistas melódicas para indicar el tratamiento o las secciones de una pieza.

Instrumentos típicos del gamelan javanés

En las cortes de Java, el gamelan javanés se agrupa en dos grupos de gamelan, a saber, el gamelan Pakurmatan y el gamelan Ageng. El gamelan Pakurmatan es el gamelan utilizado para eventos especiales de la corte javanesa y todos ellos son gamelan sagrados. El gamelan Pakurmatan consta del gamelan Kodhok Ngorek, el gamelan Monggang, el gamelan Sekati y el gamelan Carabalen. En cuanto al gamelan Ageng, se considera el más completo de la corte javanesa. Los instrumentos de Gamelan Ageng suelen ser propiedad del público en general (artistas, escuelas, estudios y otras comunidades) en Java y fuera de Java. Este gamelan se utiliza para acompañar las artes o los rituales, ya sea en el palacio o en el público en general, el gamelan puede utilizar un gamelan completo o menos. [ cita requerida ]

Un conjunto completo de Gamelan Ageng Javanés mantenido por la corte javanesa consta de:

  1. 2 juegos de Bonang Penembung
  2. 2 juegos de Bonang Barung (Bonang)
  3. 2 juegos de pene Bonang
  4. 2 juegos Kenong
  5. 2 piezas de Kethuk
  6. 2 piezas Kempyang
  7. 2 juegos de Slenthem
  8. 3 juegos Gendèr Barung (Gendèr)
  9. 3 juegos de género de pene
  10. 2 juegos de Saron Demung (Demung)
  11. 4 juegos de Saron Barung (Saron/Saron Ricik)
  12. 2 juegos de Saron Pekín (Pekín/Saron Penerus)
  13. 2 piezas Gong Ageng (Gong Besar)
  14. 2 piezas Gong Suwukan (Gong Siyem)
  15. 2 juegos de Kempul
  16. 1 pieza Kendang Ageng (Kendhang Gending)
  17. 1 pieza Kendang Ciblon (Batangan)
  18. 1 pieza Kendang Sabet (Kendhang Wayangan)
  19. 1 pieza Kendang Ketipung (Ketipung)
  20. 1 pieza de manta
  21. 2 piezas Rebab
  22. 2 juegos de apuestas
  23. 2 piezas Siter
  24. 2 piezas Celempung
  25. 2 piezas de Suling (Seruling)
  26. 1 pieza de kecer
  27. 3 piezas de Kepyak
  28. Sindhen - Cantante femenina en un gamelán
  29. Gerong – Cantante masculino en un gamelan
  30. Nayaga (Wiyaga) - Músicos gamelan

Instrumentos típicos del gamelan balinés

En Bali , los instrumentos de gamelan se guardan todos juntos en un balé , un gran espacio abierto con un techo encima y varios lados abiertos. Los gambelan (el término balinés ) son propiedad de un banjar , la nobleza o los templos y se guardan en sus respectivos recintos. En caso de propiedad de un banjar, los instrumentos se guardan todos juntos allí porque la gente cree que todos los instrumentos pertenecen a la comunidad en su conjunto y que ninguna persona tiene propiedad sobre un instrumento. No solo es aquí donde se almacenan los instrumentos, sino que también es el espacio de práctica para el sekaha (grupo de orquesta de gamelan). Las paredes abiertas permiten que la música fluya hacia la comunidad donde el resto de la gente puede disfrutarla. El gamelan balinés no se puede escuchar dentro de habitaciones cerradas, porque cruza fácilmente el umbral del dolor . Esto no se aplica a pequeños conjuntos como un gamelan gendér .

El sekaha está dirigido por un solo instructor, cuyo trabajo es dirigir a este grupo en la comunidad y crear nuevas piezas. Cuando están trabajando en una nueva pieza, el instructor guiará al grupo en la práctica y ayudará al grupo a formar la nueva música mientras practican. Cuando el instructor crea una nueva canción, deja suficiente espacio para la interpretación para que el grupo pueda improvisar, de modo que el grupo escriba la música mientras la practica. Hay muchos estilos en el gamelan balinés. Kebyar es uno de los más recientes. Algunos grupos de gamelan balinés cambian constantemente su música tomando piezas antiguas que conocen y mezclándolas, así como probando nuevas variaciones de la música. Su música cambia constantemente porque creen que la música debe crecer y cambiar; la única excepción a esto son sus canciones más sagradas, que no cambian. Una sola pieza musical nueva puede tardar varios meses en completarse. Los hombres y las mujeres suelen actuar en grupos separados.

Un conjunto completo de gamelán balinés consta de:

  1. 1 juego (12 piezas) Reyong
  2. 1 juego (10 piezas) Trompong
  3. 1 pieza de Gong Wadon
  4. 1 pieza de Gong Lanang
  5. 1 pieza de Gong Kempur
  6. 1 pieza de Gong Klentong
  7. 1 pieza de Gong Bende
  8. 1 juego de Kenong (Kajar)
  9. 1 pieza de Kethuk (Kempli)
  10. 2 juegos de Jiyèng (Ugal)
  11. 4 juegos de Gangsa (Pemande)
  12. 4 juegos Kanthilan
  13. 2 juegos de Jublag
  14. 2 juegos de Jegogan
  15. 2 juegos de Penyacah Kenyur
  16. 2 juegos Género Rambat
  17. 1 juego de pinzas para el pelo Ricik
  18. 8 juegos de Cèng-cèng Kepyak
  19. 2 piezas Kendang Semaradana (Cedugan)
  20. 2 piezas Kendang Batel (Krumpung)
  21. 1 juego Gentorak
  22. 3 piezas Suling
  23. Nayaga (Wiyaga) - Músicos gamelan

Notación

Gamelan javanés en el Museo de Civilizaciones Asiáticas de Singapur

La afinación y construcción de una orquesta de gamelan es un proceso complejo. [33] El gamelan javanés utiliza dos sistemas de afinación : sléndro y pélog . Existen otros sistemas de afinación como el degung (exclusivo de Sunda, o Java Occidental, similar a una escala ryukyuan japonesa ), y el madenda (similar a una escala hirajoshi japonesa ). En el gamelan de Java central, el sléndro es un sistema con cinco notas por octava , con grandes intervalos, mientras que el pélog tiene siete notas por octava, con intervalos desiguales , generalmente tocados en subconjuntos de cinco notas de la colección de siete tonos. Un gamelan completo incluirá un conjunto de instrumentos en cada afinación, y clásicamente solo se usa una afinación a la vez. La afinación precisa utilizada difiere de un conjunto a otro y le da a cada conjunto su propio sabor particular. Un conjunto de instrumentos de gamelan se afinará con el mismo conjunto de notas, pero la afinación variará de un gamelan a otro, incluidas variaciones en el tamaño de los intervalos.

Colin McPhee , un compositor canadiense que pasó mucho tiempo en Bali, comentó: "Las desviaciones en lo que se considera la misma escala son tan grandes que uno podría afirmar con razón que hay tantas escalas como gamelanes". [34] Sin embargo, algunos profesores de gamelan cuestionan esta opinión, y ha habido esfuerzos por combinar múltiples conjuntos y estructuras de afinación en un solo gamelan para facilitar el transporte en épocas de festivales. Uno de estos conjuntos es el gamelan Manikasanti , que puede tocar el repertorio de muchos conjuntos diferentes.

Gamelan balinés en el Museo de la Música de Barcelona , ​​España

Los instrumentos de gamelán balinés se construyen en pares que se afinan ligeramente separados para producir golpes de interferencia , idealmente a una velocidad constante para todos los pares de notas en todos los registros. Este concepto se conoce como "ombak", que se traduce como "ola", y comunica la idea de ondulación cíclica. Un instrumento, afinado ligeramente más alto, se considera como la "inhalación", y el otro, ligeramente más bajo, se llama "exhalación" (también llamado "soplador" y "ventosa", o pengimbang y pengisep en Bali). Cuando se combinan la inhalación y la exhalación, se produce un golpe que pretende representar el latido del corazón o el símbolo de estar vivo. Se cree que esto contribuye al sonido "brillante" de los conjuntos de gamelán balinés. En las ceremonias religiosas que contienen gamelán, estos golpes de interferencia tienen como objetivo dar al oyente una sensación de la presencia de un dios o un trampolín hacia un estado meditativo. La escala se aproxima aproximadamente a la del modo frigio de la escala mayor occidental (EE en las teclas blancas del piano), y las notas EFGBC corresponden a las posiciones de nota 12356 en la escala slendro utilizada por la mayoría de los gamelan. [35]

Además de las escalas no occidentales, el gamelan javanés utiliza una combinación de tempo y densidad conocida como Irama , que relaciona el número de pulsos del instrumento saron panerus con las notas de la melodía central o balungan ; la densidad se considera primaria. [36]

Slendro

La notación slendro generalmente produce una atmósfera ligera y alegre y da una sensación de mayor actividad. Esto se evidencia en las escenas de las representaciones wayang kulit y wayang wong, como escenas de guerra y marchas que se acompañan con la notación slendro. El uso del slendro también puede tener la impresión opuesta, como triste o romántica. Como en el caso del gending que utiliza un slendro miring. El slendro miring es un tono de notación slendro que se toca fuera de lugar a propósito. Por lo tanto, hay muchas escenas de nostalgia, amor perdido, tristeza, muerte y languidecimiento acompañadas de melodías slendro.

Pelog

La notación pelog produce una atmósfera que da la impresión de ser varonil, regia y sagrada, especialmente en la obra musical que utiliza la notación pelog nem (seis). Por lo tanto, hay muchas escenas que están acompañadas por afinaciones pelog, como escenas en las que un rey entra en el pamelegan (lugar de culto), escenas de angustia, escenas de ira o escenas que expresan venganza. Sin embargo, en la interpretación de ciertas notas, las afinaciones pelog también pueden dar la impresión de ser alegres, ligeras y animadas, por ejemplo en la música interpretada en las afinaciones pelog de barang.

Kepatihan

KPH Notoprojo , famoso jugador indonesio de gamelan y rebab javanés , entre 1945 y 1955

La música gamelan tradicionalmente no está escrita y comenzó como una tradición oral . Sin embargo, en el siglo XIX, los kraton (palacios) de Yogyakarta y Surakarta desarrollaron notaciones distintas para transcribir el repertorio. Estas no se usaban para leer la música, que se memorizaba, sino para preservar piezas en los registros de la corte. La notación de Yogyakarta es una notación de tablero de ajedrez, que utiliza seis o siete líneas verticales para representar notas de tono más alto en el balungan (marco melódico), y líneas horizontales que representan la serie de pulsos, leídas hacia abajo con el tiempo. La cuarta línea vertical y cada cuarta línea horizontal (que completa un gatra ) están oscurecidas para facilitar la lectura. Los símbolos de la izquierda indican la estructura colotómica o métrica de los gongs, etc., mientras que las características específicas de los tambores se anotan en símbolos a la derecha. La notación solonesa se lee horizontalmente, como la notación occidental, pero no utiliza barras de compás. En cambio, los valores de las notas y los silencios se garabatean entre las notas. [37]

Hoy en día, esta notación es relativamente rara y ha sido reemplazada por la notación kepatihan , que se basa en el sistema Galin-Paris-Chevé . La notación kepatihan se desarrolló alrededor de 1900 en el Palacio kepatihan en Surakarta, que se había convertido en un conservatorio de secundaria. Los tonos están numerados (ver los artículos sobre las escalas slendro y pélog para una explicación de cómo), y se leen con puntos debajo o encima de los números que indican el registro y líneas sobre las notas que muestran los valores de tiempo; En la notación vocal, también hay corchetes debajo de los grupos de notas para indicar melisma. Sin embargo, al igual que la notación del palacio, Kepatihan registra principalmente la parte balungan y sus frases métricas marcadas por una variedad de gongs. Las otras partes se crean en tiempo real y dependen del conocimiento que cada músico tiene de su instrumento y su conciencia de lo que otros están tocando; esta "realización" a veces se llama "garap". Algunos profesores también han ideado ciertas notaciones, generalmente utilizando principios kepatihan, para los cengkok (patrones melódicos) de los instrumentos elaborados . Algunos etnomusicólogos, formados en música europea, pueden hacer transcripciones en un pentagrama occidental. Esto implica desafíos particulares de afinación y tiempo, que a veces dan como resultado claves inusuales . [38]

Variedades

The three major indigenous genres of gong-chime music prevalent in Southeast Asia: this includes the Gamelan of western Indonesia; the kulintang of the southern Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and eastern Malaysia; and the piphat of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Burma

Varieties of gamelan are distinguished by their collection of instruments and use of voice, tunings, repertoire, style, and cultural context. In general, no two gamelan ensembles are the same, and those that arose in prestigious courts are often considered to have their own style and tuning. Certain styles may also be shared by nearby ensembles, leading to a regional style. The varieties are generally grouped geographically, with the principal division between the styles favored by the Balinese, Javanese, and Sundanese peoples. Javanese gamelan has soft and slow tones, while Balinese gamelan has strong and dynamic tones with fast music rhythms, while Sundanese gamelan which is dominated by the sound of flutes makes it not only soft but also mellow.[39]

Javanese gamelan

Javanese gamelan is a gamelan that originates and develops in the Central Java and East Java, including the Special Region of Yogyakarta. In the Javanese palaces, the gamelan is divided into two, namely the gamelan pakurmatan and gamelan ageng. Gamelan pakurmatan is used for certain events or rituals in the royal environment. The gamelan pakurmatan set is not as complete as the ageng gamelan, and its shape and pitch are somewhat different from the traditional gamelan owned by the community. Gamelan pakurmatan consists of gamelan kodhok Ngorek, gamelan munggang, gamelan sekati, and gamelan carabalen, while gamelan ageng is the most complete gamelan used for various traditional ceremonies and events in the palace.[40]

Gamelan outside the palace, owned by the general public, is usually the gamelan ageng, although it is not as complete as that of the palace, according to the needs and objectives of the gamelan ownership. The Javanese gamelan used by the communities has many kinds and types including the gamelan gadhon, gamelan siteran, gamelan Wayang, gamelan bambu, gamelan prawa, gamelan pelog, gamelan renteng, gamelan slendro, gamelan Banyuwangi, and gamelan Madura.

In oral Javanese culture distinctions are made between complete or incomplete, archaic and modern, and large standard and small village gamelan. The various archaic ensembles are distinguished by their unique combinations of instruments and possession of obsolete instruments such as the bell-tree (byong) in the 3-toned gamelan kodhok ngorek. Regionally variable village gamelan are often distinguished from standard gamelan (which have the rebab as the main melodic instrument) by their inclusion of a double-reed wind (selompret, slompret, or sompret) in addition to variable drum and gong components, with some also including the shaken bamboo angklung.[41]

Gamelan in Javanese society is a product of local wisdom that has survived to this day. The long history that has been passed by Javanese gamelan is a cultural struggle that continues to be sustainable until now and in the future.[42] Gamelan is inseparable from Javanese customs and human life, where gamelan is almost always there in every Javanese ceremony are held. Javanese gamelan is generally used to accompany dances, dance dramas, theater, puppets, rituals, events and festivals. Until then it developed in such a way that it was able to stand as a separate musical performance, complete with the accompaniment of the voices of the sindhen.[43]

Most of the music rhythms are generally soft and reflect the harmony of life, as the principles of life are generally adopted by Javanese society. Some of them sound quickly according to the event or ritual being held or accompanied by the gamelan like gamelan Banyuwangi which has a faster tempo and uses high notes. Javanese gamelan has pelog and slendro tunings, if the pelog consists of notations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (ji, ro, lu, pat, mo, nem, tu), slendro has notation 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, i (ji, ro, lu, mo, nem, i).

Balinese gamelan

Balinese gamelan is one type of traditional gamelan ensemble that originates and develops in the island of Bali. Balinese gamelan is an inseparable ensemble of Balinese life, almost all villages in Bali have gamelan. The gamelan can be used as part of Hindu worship in Bali or as community entertainment in the Banjar in villages of Bali. Because gamelan also functions as a medium for socializing with each other, it can be seen that playing gamelan requires cooperation between players to get the desired tone or sound harmony. This Balinese gamelan has several differences from gamelan instruments in general, both in form and how to play it. This Balinese gamelan is usually performed as an accompaniment to an art performance in Bali, both sacred and entertainment.

Balinese gamelan is often used to accompany religious ceremonies and entertainment. In terms of religion, Balinese Gamelan is often displayed to accompany the running of religious ceremonies or to accompany sacred traditional dances. Meanwhile, in terms of entertainment, Balinese Gamelan is often presented as a musical performance as well as accompaniment to various arts that are entertainment in Bali.

Gamelan in Bali known as gambelan is commonly used in traditional ritual processions such as death ceremonies which we know as the Ngaben tradition. Meanwhile, for human ceremonies, gender is used and for ceremonies in temples, gong gede is usually used. In terms of the development of the era, Balinese gamelan can be divided into 3 types:[44]

Sundanese gamelan

The Sundanese gamelan is one of the typical gamelan ensemble from West Java and Banten province (Tatar Pasundan ) in Indonesia. In the manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian, the art of gamelan is estimated to have entered in the 16th century. In this text, at that time there was a gamelan player called Kumbang Gending and a musical expert called Paraguna. Sundanese gamelan is also called Degung. The word Degung is said to have originated from the word "Ratu-agung" or "Tumenggung", because at that time Gamelan Degung was very popular with the officials. There are three types of Sundanese gamelan, including:

Outside the main core on Java and Bali, gamelan has spread through migration and cultural interest, new styles sometimes resulting as well. The variety of gamelan can be found in over 25 countries outside Indonesia, presenting both traditional and experimental repertoire.

Cultural context

For some Indonesians, gamelan has high philosophical values, in terms of sound, roles, and the feelings of the players. Playing gamelan is not just the ability to play various musical instruments together, thus giving birth to the harmony of tones and rhythms. But also, by playing the gamelan there is a meaning that describes the system of deliberation and consensus in the midst of society, through each gamelan musical instrument. Gamelan symbolizes the spirit of cohesiveness and mutual cooperation, together, and in line. So that it gives birth to a harmonious tone in social life. In Indonesia, gamelan accompanies many cultural activities such as:

Religious rituals

Under the influence of the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit kingdom, gamelan was used as accompaniment in religious ceremonies with tembang (singing) and wayang performances. Even an accompaniment to a king's performance. In the Negarakertagama manuscripts written by Mpu Prapanca in the 14th century. It is said that the gamelan accompaniment was used by King Hayam Wuruk in performing a mask dance with eight young people accompanied by a song from the Queen Mother. With the collapse of the Majapahit kingdom and being replaced by the Islamic kingdom of Demak led by Raden Patah, gamelan as a traditional musical instrument did not just disappear. Its function is used as a media tool for preaching Islam.

Gamelan's role in rituals is so important that there is a Javanese saying, "It is not official until the gong is hung".[45] Some performances are associated with royalty, such as visits by the sultan of Yogyakarta. Certain gamelans are associated with specific rituals, such as the Gamelan Sekaten, which is used in the celebration of Mawlid an-Nabi (Muhammad's birthday). In Bali, almost all religious rituals include gamelan performance. Gamelan is also used in the ceremonies of the Catholic church in Indonesia.[46] Certain pieces are designated for starting and ending performances or ceremonies. When an "ending" piece (such as "Udan Mas") is begun, the audience will know that the event is nearly finished and will begin to leave. Certain pieces are also believed to possess magic powers and can be used to ward off evil spirits.[45] The religious rituals that accompanied by gamelan such as: sekaten,[47] temple rituals, melasti, galungan, Ogoh-ogoh, etc.

Ceremonies

Gamelan is used to accompany various traditional ceremonies in Indonesia, gamelan kodhok ngorek, gamelan monggang, gamelan carabalen, and gamelan ageng are used for important ceremonies related to kings in the Yogyakarta and Surakarta palaces such as the king's coronations ceremony, the king's birthday ceremony, the coronation anniversary, royal guest reception, baby birth, marriage, death, and so on. Outside the palace in Java, gamelan is used for Wedding reception, birth ceremonies, circumcision ceremonies, rice harvesting, ruwatan ceremonies, and death ceremonies (dhukitan). The musical presentation in the dhukitan ceremony in the general public is different from that in Palace. Gendhing at dhukitan ceremonies in the palace use the kodhok ngorek gamelan instrument, only intended for the death of the king and his family and only served when the corpse departs to the cemetery. Meanwhile, gendhing offerings at duhkitan ceremonies in the general public (outside the palace environment) are usually served at the time of the death of musical artists of dance, musical puppetry, wayang orang, cultural observers, and theater using the gamelan gadhon ensemble.

Traditional dances

Almost all dances originating from the island of Java and Bali are accompanied by gamelan music. Gamelan gives spirit and beauty to live dance performances. The sound of the gamelan music brings dance to life and graceful to see. The main function of the gamelan as a dance accompaniment is to provide rhythm, beat, or tempo guidance. So that the selection of accompanying music must be adjusted to the rhythm and theme of the dance. Dance performance using live gamelan is a complex artistic activity. Gamelan in dance is used as an illustration or support for the atmosphere. The accompanying gamelan music must give the impression of "speaking" or communication and constitute the perfect unity between music and dance. Typically players in the gamelan will be familiar with dance moves and poetry, while dancers are able to play in the ensemble.[48] Some examples of famous dance include: bedhaya, serimpi, gambyong, Bambangan Cakil, legong, oleg tamulilingan, pendet, cendrawasih, barong, baris, jaipong, topeng, Bajidor Kahot, gandrung, etc.

Dance-drama performances

Dance drama in Indonesia is a show that combines dance and drama, which tells a story with dialogue or without dialogue between the players, usually guided by a puppeteer. This show is accompanied by gamelan music and involves many players who wear a typical costume. Gamelan music as accompaniment is widely used for choreography in the form of storytelling performances, both drama, and dance drama. Gamelan music that accompanies dance drama is a combination of music whose rhythm is in accordance with the dance movements and as an illustration. Most dance-dramas use music to avoid monotony and be more varied, and for the sake of harmony between dance and music. Ramayana Ballet is a form of Javanese dance-drama performance that does not use dialogue. Dialogue in ballet performances is replaced with gesticulation or meaningful movements, especially with attitudes, hand movements, and head. Gesticulation or meaningful movements are movements that have a visual meaning or purpose that can be used and implemented by the audiences. Some examples of dance-dramas in Indonesia are as follows: wayang wong, wayang topeng, Ramayana Ballet, etc.

Wayang puppet performances

Gamelan is used to accompany all puppet shows, including wayang kulit, wayang golek, wayang klithik, wayang beber, etc. In wayang, the dalang (puppeteer) must have a thorough knowledge of gamelan, as he gives the cues for the music. Gamelan is a complement and supporter of wayang performances, which is still favored by Indonesians. Gamelan is played to support the atmosphere that Dalang (puppet master) wants to build in a wayang performance. Gamelan, which is the music accompanying the puppet show, is played in pelog or slendro tones according to the atmosphere of the scene being played. Gamelan music supports the delivery of values in wayang performances. The type of gamelan music for puppetry is different from gamelan music for dance or ordinary musical songs.

Traditional theatre performances

Traditional theater, especially on the islands of Java and Bali, is mostly accompanied by gamelan. Traditional theaters such as kethoprak, ludruk, and sandiwara are accompanied by gamelan to enliven the show. Ketoprak is a traditional theater founded in central Java. The story is usually about the life of Javanese palaces and noblemen, often about the romance of the royal family members. Ketoprak is often performed in celebrations, such as weddings, circumcision, and Independence Day. It differs from Ludruk from east Java, which uses a contemporary setting and the story of common people and their economic struggles. All the performers of ludruk are males, even the female role is played by males. While Sandiwara is a traditional theatrical drama from west Java.

Singing performance

Gamelan can be performed by itself – in "klenengan" style, or for radio broadcasts – and concerts presentation are common in national arts conservatories founded in the middle of the 20th century.[49] Gamelan is frequently played on the radio. For example, the Pura Pakualaman gamelan performs live on the radio every Minggu Pon (a day in the 35-day cycle of the Javanese calendar).[45] In major towns, the Radio Republik Indonesia employs professional musicians and actors, and broadcast programs of a wide variety of gamelan music and drama.[50] In the court tradition of central Java, gamelan is often played in the pendopo, an open pavilion with a cavernous, double-pitched roof, no side walls, and a hard marble or tile floor. The instruments are placed on a platform to one side, which allows the sound to reverberate in the roof space and enhances the acoustics.[51] Some traditional genre music is accompanied by gamelan ensemble like Javanese poetry, tembang sunda, campursari, etc.

Festival

Many festivals are held in Indonesia, most of them using gamelan to enliven the event. Usually, gamelan is used for entertainment performances or even gamelan becomes the theme of the festival. Several gamelan festivals in Indonesia are held regularly, such as the Gamelan festival in Solo, Yogyakarta International gamelan festival, Balinese art festival, and many more.

Gamelan production

A Pande (gamelan maker) forging a gong in Besalen, Central Java, Indonesia

Most of the metal gamelan instruments are made of bronze or brass or iron, while some are made of wood, bamboo, leather, and strings. Gangsa is short for Tigang (three) and Sedasa (ten), the term for gamelan in the high Javanese language based on the composition of the ingredients for making the best gamelan (bronze), namely ten parts copper and three parts tin. Pande is the name for a gamelan maker, while Pelaras is a person who adjusts the gamelan tone to match the existing gamelan standards. In the process of making gamelan, there are at least five stages that must be passed to make a good gamelan. The five stages include:

Membesot – to melt the mixture, a gamelan craftsman will prepare the kowi, which is a bowl-like container made of clay. In this process, a fireplace equipped with a heating device is prepared to produce maximum heat. The kowi is then filled with metals and other alloys, such as copper or silver to produce a nice plate color.

Menyinggi – the metal base material is melted back to be printed into a blade or round shape. There are three forms of gamelan that are made at this stage, namely, the long form (dawan), the long semicircle, and the cebongan form. To maintain sacredness, usually at this stage flower water is used to soak the gamelan that has been printed.Menempa – the gamelan that has been printed then goes into the forging or shaping stage to produce a perfect shape. The forging stage is the most complex stage in the gamelan-making process. In this stage, the process is carried out by people who really understand the ins and outs of gamelan, considering that the forging process is not done carelessly, but uses various hitting techniques using various kinds of hammers.

Pandes (Gamelan Makers) are forging a gamelan instrument called Kempul (small hanging gong) after burning it, Central Java, Indonesia

Membabar – the forged gamelan is then examined again at the spreading stage. At this stage, if there are still defects in the shape, it will be corrected again.

Melaras – there is one more important process that must be done to produce a perfect gamelan set, namely the process of adjusting the scales. Therefore, one more stage is needed to produce a gamelan with perfect physical and function, that stage is to adjust the scale.

After adjusting to the scale, the blades and circles are ready to be installed in the cage. It is at this stage that the manufacture of various gamelan instruments has been physically and functionally completed. Some craftsmen, although rarely found, complement the making of gamelan with various rituals, such as fasting and providing offerings. This is of course to produce a gamelan that is not only perfect physically and functionally, but also philosophically.

Gamelan production centers are spread across the islands of Java and Bali. These gamelan producers have exported hundreds and supplied gamelan all over the world. Several gamelan production centers are located in Sukoharjo, Boyolali, Wonogiri, Nganjuk, Magetan, Bantul, Ponorogo, Klaten, Banyuwangi, Gunung Kidul, Cimahi, Bogor, Gianyar, and Klungkung.

Influence on Western music

Gamelan is used by patients at Sumber Porong Mental Hospital in Java, between 1902 and 1922

The gamelan has been appreciated by several western composers of classical music, most famously Claude Debussy, who heard a Javanese gamelan in the premiere of Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray's Rhapsodie Cambodgienne at the Paris Exposition of 1889 (World's Fair). The work had been written seven years earlier in 1882, but received its premiere only in 1889. The gamelan Debussy heard in it was in the slendro scale and was played by Central Javanese musicians.[52] Despite his enthusiasm, direct citations of gamelan scales, melodies, rhythms, or ensemble textures have not been located in any of Debussy's own compositions. However, the equal-tempered whole tone scale appears in his music of this time and afterward,[53] and a Javanese gamelan-like heterophonic texture is emulated on occasion, particularly in "Pagodes", from Estampes (solo piano, 1903), in which the great gong's cyclic punctuation is symbolized by a prominent perfect fifth.

The composer Erik Satie, an influential contemporary of Debussy, also heard the Javanese gamelan play at the Paris Exposition of 1889. The repetitively hypnotic effects of the gamelan were incorporated into Satie's Gnossienne set for piano.[54]

Direct homages to gamelan music are to be found in works for western instruments by John Cage, particularly his prepared piano pieces, Béla Bartók, Francis Poulenc, Leopold Godowsky, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre Boulez, Bronislaw Kaper and Benjamin Britten. Colin McPhee, Lou Harrison and Claude Vivier would travel to Bali and Java to document the theory of gamelan, and subsequently incorporated it in their compositions. In more recent times, American composers such as Henry Brant, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Dennis Murphy, Loren Nerell, Michael Tenzer, Evan Ziporyn, Daniel James Wolf and Jody Diamond as well as Australian composers such as Peter Sculthorpe, Andrew Schultz, Paul Grabowsky and Ross Edwards have written several works with parts for gamelan instruments or full gamelan ensembles. Several New Zealand composers have composed for gamelan or incorporated elements of gamelan into their music such as Jack Body, Gareth Farr and Anthony Ritchie.[55]

Michael Tenzer played Balinese Gamelan in 1992

I Nyoman Windha is among contemporary Indonesian composers who have written compositions using western instruments along with Gamelan. Hungarian composer György Ligeti wrote a piano étude called Galamb Borong influenced by gamelan. Avant-garde composer Harry Partch, one of America's most idiosyncratic composers, was also influenced by Gamelan, both in his microtonal compositions and the instruments he built for their performance[56]

In jazz, the music of Don Cherry, especially his 1968 record Eternal Rhythm, shows influences of gamelan music.

American folk guitarist John Fahey included elements of gamelan in many of his late-1960s sound collages, and again in his 1997 collaboration with Cul de Sac, The Epiphany of Glenn Jones. Influenced by gamelan,[57] Robert Fripp and Adrian Belew used rhythmically interlocking guitars in their duets with each other in the 1981–1984 trilogy of albums (Discipline, Beat, Three of a Perfect Pair) by rock band King Crimson[58][59] and with The League of Crafty Guitarists.[60] The gamelan has also been used by British multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield at least three times, "Woodhenge" (1979), "The Wind Chimes (Part II)" (1987) and "Nightshade" (2005).

On the debut EP of Sonic Youth the track 'She's not Alone' has a gamelan timbre. Experimental pop groups The Residents, 23 Skidoo (whose 1984 album was even titled Urban Gamelan), Mouse on Mars, His Name Is Alive, Xiu Xiu, Macha, Saudade, The Raincoats and the Sun City Girls have used gamelan percussion. Avant-garde performance band Melted Men uses Balinese gamelan instruments as well as gamelan-influenced costumes and dance in their shows. The Moodswinger built by Yuri Landman gives gamelan–like clock and bell sounds, because of its 3rd bridge construction. Indonesian-Dutch composer Sinta Wullur has integrated Western music and gamelan for opera. Canadian Band Godspeed You! Black Emperor are notably influenced by gamelan even naming a live track simply "Gamelan" before changing its name to "We Drift Like Worried fire" for their 2012 album 'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!

Influence on contemporary music

Gamelan Degung Ensemble performance for the recording at the Radio Republik Indonesia studio, Jakarta, on 24 April 1966

In contemporary Indonesian music scene, some groups fuse contemporary westernized jazz fusion music with the legacy of traditional ethnic music traditions. In the case of Krakatau and SambaSunda, the bands from West Java, the traditional Sundanese kacapi suling and gamelan degung Sunda orchestra is performed alongside drum set, keyboard and guitars. Other bands such as Bossanova Java fused Javanese music with bossa nova, while the Kulkul band fuse jazz with Balinese gamelan.

The Indonesian singer Anggun often incorporated in her works Indonesian traditional tunes from the gamelan and tembang style of singing. Typical gamelan tunes can be traced in several songs in her album Snow on the Sahara such as "Snow on the Sahara", "A Rose in the Wind", and also in her collaboration works with Deep Forest on "Deep Blue Sea" on their 2002 album, Music Detected. Philippine-born Indonesian singer Maribeth Pascua also features gamelan tunes in her songs Denpasar Moon and Borobudur.

Beyond Indonesia, gamelan has also had an influence on Japanese popular music, specifically the synthpop band Yellow Magic Orchestra. Their 1981 record Technodelic,[61] one of the first albums to heavily rely on samples and loops, made use of gamelan elements and samples. Yellow Magic Orchestra member Ryuichi Sakamoto also used gamelan elements for his soundtrack to the 1983 British-Japanese film Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence,[62] which won him the 1983 BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.[63]

K.R.T. Rahayu Supanggah, one of gamelan maestros. He introduced gamelan to almost the entire world, actively researching, writing, training, creating compositions, teaching, and performing

Many listeners were introduced to the sounds of gamelan by the popular 1988 Japanese anime film Akira. Gamelan elements are used in this film to punctuate several exciting fight scenes, as well as to symbolize the emerging psychic powers of the tragic hero, Tetsuo. The gamelan in the film's score was performed by the members of the Japanese musical collective Geinoh Yamashirogumi, using their semar pegulingan and jegog ensembles, which were also used in the previous album, Ecophony Rinne. Gamelan and kecak are also used in the soundtrack to the video games Secret of Mana, Sonic Unleashed, and Hotline Miami 2. The two opening credits of 1998 Japanese Anime Neo Ranga use Balinese music (Kecak and Gamelan gong kebyar). Each "waking up" of Ranga in the anime uses the Gong Kebyar theme. The musical soundtrack for the Sci Fi Channel series Battlestar Galactica features extensive use of the gamelan, particularly in the 3rd season,[64] as do Alexandre Desplat's scores for Girl with a Pearl Earring and The Golden Compass. James Newton Howard, who composed Disney's 2001 feature film Atlantis: The Lost Empire, chose Gamelan for the musical theme of the Atlanteans.[65]

Loops of gamelan music appear in electronic music. An early example is the Texas band Drain's album Offspeed and In There, which contains two tracks where trip-hop beats are matched with gamelan loops from Java and Bali and recent popular examples include the Sofa Surfers' piece Gamelan, or EXEC_PURGER/.#AURICA extracting, a song sung by Haruka Shimotsuki as part of the Ar tonelico: Melody of Elemia soundtracks.

Gamelan influences can also be heard in the 2004 award-winning pop song, Pulangkan, a theme from the gamelan-cultural related film Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam by Malaysian songbird Misha Omar and also the 2006 hip hop song, Tokyo Drift (Fast & Furious), by Teriyaki Boyz.

In the Regular Show episode "150-Piece Kit", a gamelan is mentioned to be part of the eponymous kit.

Gamelan outside Indonesia

Gamelan is widely known in Indonesia and abroad. There are many gamelan groups outside Indonesia. This is due to several factors like Indonesian migration (Javanese, Balinese, or Sundanese) and cultural interest, which brought and introduced gamelan abroad. The government of Indonesia is also actively promoting culture abroad through cultural missions and actively opening Darmasiswa[66] Scholarships for foreign students and lecturers who want to learn Indonesian culture, one of the most preferred is Gamelan. Indonesia has exported hundreds of gamelans and supplied gamelan all over the world. Gamelan has spread to almost all continents such as the Americas (United States,[67] Mexico, Canada, Suriname), Europe[68] (United Kingdom, Russia, Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, France, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Netherland, Poland, Portugal), Asia (Singapore,[69] Malaysia, Thailand, China,[70] Japan, Korea), Australia and New Zealand.[71]

Gallery

See also

References

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Further reading

Javanese gamelan

Balinese gamelan

External links