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Universo cinematográfico de Marvel

El Universo cinematográfico de Marvel ( MCU ) es una franquicia de medios estadounidense y un universo compartido centrado en una serie de películas de superhéroes producidas por Marvel Studios . Las películas están basadas en personajes que aparecen en los cómics estadounidenses publicados por Marvel Comics . La franquicia también incluye series de televisión , cortometrajes, series digitales y literatura. El universo compartido, al igual que el Universo Marvel original en los cómics, se estableció cruzando elementos de trama, escenarios, elenco y personajes comunes.

Marvel Studios estrena sus películas en grupos llamados "Fases", con las tres primeras fases conocidas colectivamente como "La Saga del Infinito" y las tres fases siguientes como "La Saga del Multiverso". La primera película del MCU, Iron Man (2008), comenzó la Fase Uno que culminó en la película crossover de 2012 The Avengers . La Fase Dos comenzó con Iron Man 3 (2013) y concluyó con Ant-Man (2015), mientras que la Fase Tres comenzó con Capitán América: Civil War (2016) y concluyó con Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Black Widow (2021) es la primera película de la Fase Cuatro , que concluyó con Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), mientras que la Fase Cinco comenzó con Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023) y concluirá con Thunderbolts* (2025). La Fase Seis comenzará con Los Cuatro Fantásticos: Primeros Pasos (2025) y concluirá con Vengadores: Doomsday (2026) y Vengadores: Secret Wars (2027).

Marvel Television expandió el universo a la televisión en red con Agents of SHIELD en ABC en 2013 antes de expandirse aún más a la televisión en streaming en Netflix y Hulu y a la televisión por cable en Freeform . También produjeron la serie digital Agents of SHIELD: Slingshot . Marvel Studios comenzó a producir su propia serie de televisión para transmisión en Disney+ , comenzando con WandaVision en 2021 como el comienzo de la Fase Cuatro. También se expandieron a especiales de televisión en la Fase Cuatro, conocidos como Marvel Studios Special Presentations , el primero de los cuales fue Werewolf by Night (2022). El MCU incluye cómics vinculados publicados por Marvel Comics, una serie de cortometrajes directos a video llamados Marvel One-Shots y campañas de marketing viral para las películas que presentan los programas de noticias falsas WHIH Newsfront y The Daily Bugle .

La franquicia ha tenido éxito comercial, convirtiéndose en una de las franquicias de medios de comunicación más taquilleras de todos los tiempos, y ha recibido críticas generalmente positivas de los críticos. El estudio atribuyó varios proyectos de Multiverse Saga que tuvieron un rendimiento por debajo de las expectativas al aumento en la cantidad de contenido que se produce después de Endgame , y comenzó a disminuir su producción de contenido a partir de 2024. El MCU ha inspirado a otros estudios de cine y televisión a intentar universos compartidos similares y también ha inspirado varias atracciones temáticas, una exhibición de arte, especiales de televisión, material literario, múltiples videojuegos relacionados y comerciales.

Desarrollo

Películas y series de Marvel Studios

Las películas de la saga Infinity

"Nunca se había hecho antes y ese es el espíritu con el que todo el mundo lo está adoptando. Los demás cineastas no están acostumbrados a contratar actores de otras películas que otros cineastas han elegido, a tener ciertas líneas argumentales que estén conectadas o ciertas localizaciones que estén conectadas, pero creo que... todo el mundo estaba de acuerdo y pensaba que era divertido. Principalmente porque siempre nos mantuvimos consistentes al decir que la película que estamos haciendo es lo primero. Todo el tejido conectivo, todo eso es divertido y va a ser muy importante si quieres que lo sea. Si los fans quieren mirar más allá y encontrar conexiones, ahí están. Hay algunas grandes, obviamente, que espero que el público general también pueda seguir. Pero... la razón por la que todos los cineastas están de acuerdo es que sus películas necesitan sostenerse por sí mismas. Necesitan tener una visión fresca, un tono único, y el hecho de que puedan interconectarse si quieres seguir esas migas de pan es una ventaja".

—El presidente de Marvel Studios, Kevin Feige, habla sobre la construcción de un universo cinematográfico compartido [1]

En 2005, Marvel Entertainment planeaba producir sus propias películas de forma independiente y distribuirlas a través de Paramount Pictures . [2] Anteriormente, Marvel había coproducido varias películas de superhéroes basadas en Marvel Comics con Columbia Pictures , New Line Cinema , 20th Century Fox y otros. [3] Marvel obtuvo relativamente pocas ganancias de estos acuerdos de licencia y quería obtener más dinero de sus películas mientras mantenía el control artístico de los proyectos y la distribución. [4] Avi Arad , jefe de la división cinematográfica de Marvel Entertainment, estaba satisfecho con las películas de Spider-Man de Sam Raimi en Sony Pictures, pero estaba menos satisfecho con algunas de las otras películas. Arad decidió formar Marvel Studios , el primer estudio cinematográfico independiente importante de Hollywood desde que se fundó DreamWorks Pictures en 1994. Kevin Feige , el segundo al mando de Arad, [5] se dio cuenta de que, a diferencia de Spider-Man , Blade y los X-Men, que fueron licenciados respectivamente a Sony, New Line y Fox, Marvel poseía los derechos del equipo de los Vengadores . Feige, un "fanático" autodenominado, imaginó la combinación de estos personajes en un universo compartido similar al creado por Stan Lee y Jack Kirby para Marvel Comics en la década de 1960. [6]

Para recaudar capital, el estudio consiguió financiación de una línea de crédito rotativa de siete años por 525 millones de dólares con Merrill Lynch . [4] El plan de Marvel era lanzar películas individuales para sus personajes principales y luego fusionarlas en una película crossover ; [7] Arad, quien renunció en 2006, dudó de que esta estrategia funcionara. Insistió en que fue su reputación la que ayudó a asegurar la financiación inicial. [5] [8] En 2007, Feige fue nombrado jefe del estudio. Para preservar su integridad artística, Marvel Studios formó un comité creativo de seis personas familiarizadas con su tradición de cómics: Feige, el copresidente de Marvel Studios Louis D'Esposito , el presidente de publicaciones de Marvel Comics Dan Buckley , el director creativo de Marvel Entertainment Joe Quesada , el escritor de cómics Brian Michael Bendis y el presidente de Marvel Entertainment Alan Fine , quien supervisó el comité. [5] Feige inicialmente se refirió a la continuidad narrativa compartida de las películas como el "Universo cinematográfico de Marvel", [9] pero luego usó el término "Universo cinematográfico de Marvel". [10] Desde que la franquicia se expandió a otros medios, algunos han usado esta frase para referirse únicamente a los largometrajes. [11]

Las películas de MCU se lanzan en grupos llamados "Fases", comenzando con la Fase Uno y la Fase Dos . [12] [13] En diciembre de 2009, Walt Disney Company compró Marvel Entertainment por $4 mil millones. Disney dijo que las futuras películas de Marvel Studios serían distribuidas por su propio estudio una vez que expirara el acuerdo existente con Paramount. [14] [15] Las películas de la Fase Tres se anunciaron en un evento de prensa especial en octubre de 2014. [16] Para septiembre de 2015, Marvel Studios se integró a Walt Disney Studios . Feige reportaba al presidente de Walt Disney Studios, Alan F. Horn, en lugar del director ejecutivo de Marvel Entertainment, Isaac Perlmutter , [17] y el comité creativo comenzó a tener solo aportes "nominales" sobre las películas. Continuaron consultando sobre las producciones de Marvel Television , que permanecieron bajo el control de Perlmutter. [18] [19] Todas las decisiones clave sobre las películas en el futuro las tomarían Feige, D'Esposito y la vicepresidenta ejecutiva Victoria Alonso . [18] El estudio estableció el Parlamento de Marvel Studios , un "grupo de expertos" de ejecutivos de larga trayectoria en la empresa que ayudan a impulsar los proyectos de los demás cuando es posible. [20] En noviembre de 2017, Feige dijo que Avengers: Endgame (2019) proporcionaría una conclusión definitiva a las películas hasta el momento y comenzaría un nuevo período para la franquicia. [21] Más tarde dijo que la Fase Tres concluiría " La Saga del Infinito ". [22]

Películas y series de la saga Multiverse

Se informó que Disney estaba desarrollando una serie de televisión de Marvel para su nuevo servicio de transmisión Disney+ en noviembre de 2017. [23] En julio de 2018, Feige dijo que se habían iniciado conversaciones con Disney sobre cualquier posible participación que Marvel Studios pudiera tener con el servicio de transmisión, ya que Feige sentía que el servicio era importante para la empresa en general. [24] En septiembre de 2018, se informó que Marvel Studios estaba desarrollando varias series limitadas centradas en personajes de "segundo nivel" de las películas de MCU que no habían protagonizado y era poco probable que protagonizaran sus propias películas. Se esperaba que cada serie tuviera entre seis y ocho episodios y fuera producida por Marvel Studios en lugar de Marvel Television, con Feige asumiendo un "papel práctico" en el desarrollo de cada serie. [25] Feige dijo que estas series "contarían historias... que no podríamos contar en una experiencia cinematográfica, una narrativa de formato más largo". [26] Añadió que el hecho de que Disney les pidiera crear estas series "le dio energía creativa a todos" dentro de Marvel Studios, ya que "podían jugar en un nuevo medio y tirar las reglas por la ventana en términos de estructura y formato". [27] Los especiales de televisión del estudio se comercializan como " Presentaciones especiales de Marvel Studios ". [28] [29] El especial navideño de Guardianes de la Galaxia (2022), una presentación especial, fue el primer proyecto que Marvel Studios comenzó a planificar para Disney+. [30]

En diciembre de 2017, Disney acordó adquirir activos de 21st Century Fox . [31] La transacción se cerró oficialmente el 19 de marzo de 2019. [32] Esto vio el regreso de los derechos cinematográficos de Deadpool , los X-Men y los Cuatro Fantásticos a Marvel Studios, [31] aunque Feige explicó que a pesar de que la adquisición finalizó en 2019, el acceso y la integración de estos personajes y conceptos no estuvieron disponibles "durante mucho tiempo" debido a las leyes de adquisición corporativa. [33] Algunos de los primeros elementos que se integraron en el MCU luego de la adquisición fueron la organización SWORD en la serie de Disney+ WandaVision (2021) y el país ficticio Madripoor en la serie The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021). [34] [35] Además, Patrick Stewart apareció como el profesor Charles Xavier en la película Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), interpretando una versión diferente del personaje que interpretó anteriormente en la serie de películas X-Men de Fox , [36] mientras que se reveló que Kamala Khan tenía una mutación genética en Ms. Marvel , [37] con la estrella Iman Vellani confirmando que ella es la primera mutante (un término relacionado con los X-Men) en el MCU. [38] También se revela que Namor es un mutante en la película Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), como lo es en los cómics. [39] [40] Feige llamó a Deadpool & Wolverine (2024) el verdadero comienzo de la exploración y el uso de los personajes de Fox por parte de Marvel Studios, [33] y dijo que cada proyecto posterior sería parte de la "era mutante" del MCU. [41]

Kevin Feige ayudó a concebir un universo mediático compartido de propiedades de Marvel

En julio de 2019, Feige anunció la lista de la Fase Cuatro en la Comic-Con de San Diego , que consta de películas y, por primera vez, series de eventos televisivos en Disney+. [42] La lista de la Fase Cuatro incluye What If...? , la primera serie animada de Marvel Studios, y para julio de 2021 el estudio estaba creando una "rama de animación y mini estudio", [43] conocido como Marvel Studios Animation , [44] para centrarse en más contenido animado más allá de What If...? . [43] Alonso dijo que Marvel tenía alrededor de 31 proyectos en varias etapas de desarrollo en septiembre de 2021. [45] En abril de 2022, Feige dijo que él y Marvel Studios estaban en un retiro creativo para planificar y discutir las películas del MCU para los siguientes 10 años. [46] Ese julio, Feige anunció algunas de las películas y series para la Fase Cinco y la Fase Seis en la Comic-Con de San Diego, revelando que las segundas tres Fases se conocían colectivamente como " La Saga del Multiverso ". [47] Después de la "experiencia creativa" de terminar la Fase Tres y "La Saga del Infinito" con Avengers: Infinity War (2018) y Avengers: Endgame , y la expansión en la cantidad de proyectos producidos por el estudio en un corto período de tiempo, Marvel Studios decidió alejarse de tener una película crossover de Avengers al final de cada Fase y, en su lugar, decidió tener una culminación crossover al final de "La Saga del Multiverso" con Avengers: The Kang Dynasty y Avengers: Secret Wars (2027). [48] El estudio estaba emocionado de explorar a Kang el Conquistador como un villano general de la Saga del Multiverso después de Thanos en la Saga del Infinito, porque Kang era un villano diferente en parte porque tiene múltiples variantes de diferentes líneas de tiempo dentro del multiverso. [40] El estudio no planeó inicialmente construir la próxima saga en torno a Kang, y tomó esa decisión después de ver la actuación del actor Jonathan Majors en la primera temporada de la serie de Disney+ Loki (2021), así como los diarios del rodaje de Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023). [49] Después de que Majors fuera declarado culpable en medio de problemas legales en diciembre de 2023, Disney y Marvel Studios lo despidieron y Marvel comenzó a referirse a The Kang Dynasty internamente como Avengers 5. [ 50]

Alonso fue despedida de su puesto en Marvel Studios en marzo de 2023 por trabajar como productora en la película de Amazon Studios Argentina, 1985 (2022), en violación de un acuerdo de 2018 entre Alonso y Disney de no trabajar para un estudio competidor. La decisión fue tomada por un grupo que incluía al copresidente de Disney Entertainment, Alan Bergman, y los departamentos legales y de recursos humanos de Disney. [51] [52] Según se informa, Alonso no pidió permiso para trabajar en la película y Disney le pidió que dejara de trabajar en ella o promocionarla. La situación se consideró lo suficientemente grave como para que Disney solicitara que se firmara un nuevo acuerdo, y la compañía se lo recordó constantemente mientras continuaba promocionando la película después de su estreno en septiembre de 2022, lo que finalmente llevó a su despido. [51] Los abogados de Alonso refutaron estas afirmaciones, diciendo que Disney estaba al tanto y aceptó el trabajo de Alonso en Argentina, 1985 y que Alonso había sido "silenciada [y] despedida cuando se negó a hacer algo que creía que era reprensible"; [53] Se informó que esto fue un desacuerdo con un ejecutivo de Disney sobre la censura de elementos del orgullo gay en Quantumania para que la película pudiera estrenarse en Kuwait en cumplimiento de las restrictivas leyes anti-LGBTQ del país . [54] [55] Un portavoz de Disney reiteró que Alonso fue despedido debido a "un incumplimiento indiscutible del contrato y una violación directa de la política de la empresa", entre otros factores. [53] Disney y Alonso llegaron a un acuerdo de compensación multimillonario en abril. [56]

El director ejecutivo de Disney, Bob Iger, dijo en julio de 2023 que la compañía reduciría la cantidad de contenido de Marvel creado en el futuro, admitiendo que la expansión de Marvel Studios en series de Disney+ y más películas había "diluido el enfoque y la atención" después de una serie de películas de bajo rendimiento en taquilla. [57] [58] Aclaró sus planes en mayo de 2024, diciendo que Disney ahora lanzaría dos, o como máximo tres, películas de Marvel y dos series de Marvel al año. Esto fue menor que hasta cuatro películas y alrededor de cuatro series que se lanzaron en algunos años recientes. La compañía estaba reduciendo la producción y enfocándose en la calidad en todas sus divisiones, pero Iger sintió que el cambio era especialmente necesario para Marvel. [59] Feige y D'Esposito dijeron que 2023 había sido un año particularmente difícil y un "momento difícil" para el estudio, pero que habían aprendido la lección sobre tratar de hacer demasiado contenido a la vez. Agregaron que ya no estar "en la cima" de la taquilla les permitía volver a ser los perdedores, como lo habían sido cuando comenzaron a trabajar en la Fase Uno, y que "volverían con fuerza" con la esperanza de sorprender al público y superar las expectativas. [60]

En 2024, Marvel Studios presentó sus banners "Marvel Animation" y "Marvel Television" para sus series animadas y de acción real, respectivamente. Esto se hizo, junto con el banner Marvel Spotlight previamente establecido , para ayudar a indicar a las audiencias que no tenían que ver todos los proyectos del estudio para comprender la historia general y podían elegir qué historias y personajes bajo estos banners seguir. [61] En la Comic-Con de San Diego de 2024, la quinta película de Avengers fue retitulada Avengers: Doomsday (2026), con Robert Downey Jr. elegido como Victor von Doom / Doctor Doom (después de interpretar previamente a Tony Stark / Iron Man en el MCU) tanto para Doomsday como para Secret Wars . [62]

Serie de televisión de Marvel

Jeph Loeb dirigió Marvel Television y se desempeñó como productor ejecutivo de todas las series de televisión en ABC, Netflix, Hulu y Freeform.

Marvel Television se lanzó en junio de 2010 con Jeph Loeb a la cabeza, [63] y había entrado en conversaciones con ABC para crear un programa ambientado en el MCU en julio de 2012; [64] la cadena lanzó Agents of SHIELD , Agent Carter , [65] e Inhumans . Este último fue una coproducción con IMAX Corporation . [66] [67] [68] En noviembre de 2013, Disney se dispuso a proporcionar a Netflix las series de acción en vivo Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage y Iron Fist , preparándose para la miniserie crossover The Defenders . [69] En abril de 2016, Netflix ordenó The Punisher , un spin-off de Daredevil . [70] Para febrero de 2019, Netflix había cancelado todas sus series de Marvel. [71] En abril de 2016, la cadena de cable propiedad de Disney , Freeform, anunció Cloak & Dagger . [72] En mayo de 2017, Marvel anunció que Runaways había recibido un pedido de serie de Hulu . [73] En mayo de 2019, Marvel anunció que Helstrom había recibido luz verde para Hulu. [74]

En octubre de 2019, una nueva reestructuración corporativa vio a Feige nombrado director creativo de Marvel Entertainment, con Marvel Television pasando a formar parte de Marvel Studios y los ejecutivos de Marvel Television reportando a Feige. [75] En diciembre de 2019, Marvel Television se fusionó con Marvel Studios, y Marvel Studios se hizo cargo de la producción de las series restantes y no se esperaba que Marvel Television desarrollara más series. [76] En enero de 2021, Feige dijo "nunca digas nunca" a la posibilidad de revivir la serie de Netflix, pero señaló que Marvel Studios estaba centrado en su nueva serie de Disney+. [77] En mayo de 2022, se reveló que Marvel Studios estaba desarrollando una nueva serie de Daredevil para Disney+, [78] que se anunció en julio como Daredevil: Born Again . [47]

Expansión a otros medios

En 2008, se lanzó el primer cómic vinculado al MCU. [79] Quesada explicó que estos cómics se desarrollarían dentro de la continuidad de las películas, pero no estaban destinados a ser adaptaciones directas. Más bien, explorarían "algo que sucedió fuera de la pantalla" o desarrollarían algo mencionado brevemente. Feige estuvo involucrado en la creación de los cómics, a veces también con los guionistas de la película. [80] Marvel Comics trabajó con Brad Winderbaum, Jeremy Latcham y Will Corona Pilgrim en Marvel Studios para decidir qué conceptos deberían trasladarse del Universo de Marvel Comics al Universo Cinematográfico de Marvel, qué mostrar en los cómics vinculados y qué dejar para las películas. [81] Marvel aclaró más tarde cuáles de los cómics vinculados se consideran historias canónicas del MCU, y el resto simplemente se inspiran en el MCU "donde podemos mostrar a todos los personajes de la película disfrazados y en forma de cómic". [82]

En agosto de 2011, Marvel anunció una serie de cortometrajes directos a video llamados Marvel One-Shots . [83] El nombre se deriva de la etiqueta utilizada por Marvel Comics para sus cómics one-shot . [84] Winderbaum dijo que los cortos eran "una forma divertida de experimentar con nuevos personajes e ideas" y de expandir el MCU. [83] Cada corto fue diseñado para ser una historia autónoma que proporcionara más historia de fondo para los personajes o eventos introducidos en las películas. [85]

En marzo de 2015, el vicepresidente de desarrollo y producción de animación de Marvel, Cort Lane , dijo que los vínculos animados con el MCU estaban "en proceso". [86] Ese julio, Marvel Studios se asoció con Google para producir el programa de noticias falso WHIH Newsfront con Christine Everhart , una serie de videos de YouTube dentro del universo que sirven como centro de una campaña de marketing viral para promover las películas y el universo. [87] En diciembre de 2016, una serie web de seis partes, Agents of SHIELD: Slingshot , debutó en ABC.com . Sigue a Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodríguez en una misión secreta, poco antes del inicio de la cuarta temporada de Agents of SHIELD , con Natalia Cordova-Buckley repitiendo su papel de la serie. [88] En septiembre de 2019, Sony creó una versión real del sitio web ficticio The Daily Bugle como parte de una campaña de marketing viral para promover el lanzamiento en medios domésticos de Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Inspirado en sitios web del mundo real que "impulsan teorías conspirativas" como el de Alex Jones , el sitio web presenta a JK Simmons retomando su papel de J. Jonah Jameson en un video en el que se pronuncia en contra de Spider-Man antes de pedir a los espectadores que "le den me gusta y se suscriban". [89] [90] En diciembre de 2020, Marvel Studios anunció I Am Groot , una serie de cortos animados fotorrealistas protagonizados por Baby Groot para Disney+. [91] [92] [93]

Prácticas comerciales

Joss Whedon fue un colaborador importante para la Fase Dos del MCU: ofreció una visión creativa para todas las películas; lanzó la primera serie de televisión del MCU, Agents of SHIELD ; y escribió y dirigió la película crossover Avengers: Age of Ultron .

En noviembre de 2016, Feige explicó que el estudio solía armar un "lookbook" de influencias de los cómics y el arte del departamento de desarrollo visual de Marvel, para crear una plantilla visual para un proyecto. Estos se arman en retiros de la compañía, que el estudio realiza aproximadamente cada 18 meses para planificar proyectos futuros y desarrollar las fases del MCU. Sin embargo, estos lookbooks no siempre se muestran a los directores, ya que Marvel a veces prefiere dejar que el director ofrezca sus propias ideas primero. [94] Al elegir un director para un proyecto, Marvel Studios busca cineastas para contratar que sean capaces de guiar una película. [95] Algunas de sus elecciones de directores se han considerado "fuera de lugar" en función del trabajo previo de esos directores. Sobre esto, Feige comentó que "no es necesario haber dirigido una gran película de efectos visuales gigantes para hacer una gran película de efectos visuales gigantes para nosotros. Solo tienes que haber hecho algo singularmente asombroso". [96]

El estudio se asegura de que los directores estén abiertos a la idea del universo compartido y estén dispuestos a incluir material conectivo, como Kenneth Branagh y Joe Johnston, que necesitan incluir escenas que preparen The Avengers (2012) en sus respectivas películas de la Fase Uno Thor y Capitán América: El primer vengador (ambas de 2011). [6] Marvel Studios suele tener una gran idea que les gustaría explorar o desarrollar en un proyecto, como Hydra infiltrándose en SHIELD en Capitán América: El Soldado del Invierno (2014), pero dejan que los cineastas la interpreten y "mejoren un poco" para llegar a ese punto. [97] Una vez que se han desarrollado estas ideas, el equipo creativo comienza a explorar ideas que suceden en otros proyectos futuros para ver cómo hacer conexiones con universos más grandes. [98]

En agosto de 2012, Marvel firmó con Joss Whedon , director de Los Vengadores y Los Vengadores: La Era de Ultrón (2015) , un contrato exclusivo hasta junio de 2015 para cine y televisión. Con el acuerdo, Whedon contribuyó creativamente a todas las películas de la Fase Dos y también desarrolló la primera serie de televisión ambientada en el MCU. [99] En abril de 2017, el guionista y director de Guardianes de la Galaxia (2014) y Guardianes de la Galaxia Vol. 2 (2017) , James Gunn, reveló que trabajaría con Marvel para ayudar a planificar futuras historias para los personajes de Guardianes de la Galaxia y el "Universo Cósmico de Marvel" más amplio, [100] aunque Gunn se convirtió en codirector de DC Studios en noviembre de 2022 y firmó un contrato de cuatro años para trabajar exclusivamente en proyectos basados ​​en DC Comics . [101] Para la Fase Tres, hubo una gran colaboración entre los realizadores de las películas de personajes individuales y los realizadores de las películas crossover Avengers: Infinity War y Avengers: Endgame , que fueron dirigidas por los hermanos Russo y escritas por Christopher Markus y Stephen McFeely . Esto fue para asegurar que su narrativa se alineara para la culminación de la Saga del Infinito. [102]

Marvel Studios comenzó a contratar a sus actores para múltiples películas, incluyendo al actor Samuel L. Jackson con un contrato de nueve películas, algo sin precedentes en ese entonces. [103] Feige dijo que el estudio hizo que todos los actores firmaran contratos para múltiples películas, siendo la norma para tres o más y los acuerdos de nueve o doce películas siendo más raros. [104] Los contratos de los actores también cuentan con cláusulas que permiten a Marvel utilizar hasta tres minutos de la actuación de un actor de una película en otra, lo que Marvel describe como "material de transición". [19] Al comienzo de la Fase Cuatro, Marvel Studios ya no contrataba actores para una gran cantidad de proyectos, y la duración de los acuerdos variaba para cada actor y proyecto. Feige dijo que el estudio estaba buscando actores que estuvieran emocionados de unirse a la franquicia y aparecer en múltiples proyectos sin estar sujetos a obligaciones contractuales. También señaló que estaban comenzando a incluir atracciones de parques temáticos en los acuerdos de los actores. [105] En diciembre de 2020, debido al impacto que tuvo el COVID-19 en los cines y estudios cinematográficos que dejaron de realizar estrenos en salas, Marvel Studios comenzó a explorar contratos actualizados para que los actores, escritores, directores y productores recibieran una compensación ajustada en caso de que una película tuviera que debutar en Disney+ en lugar de en los cines. TheWrap informó que se creía que los nuevos contratos solo se aplicarían a las películas que estaban a punto de entrar en producción, y no estaba claro si se realizarían ajustes a los contratos de las películas ya completadas pero que aún no se habían estrenado. [106]

Para Marvel Television, Loeb dijo que él y sus ejecutivos estuvieron involucrados en todos los aspectos de la producción: "ya sea estar en la sala de guionistas, editar, en el set, hacer el casting, cada paso de la producción pasa por el equipo de Marvel para contar la mejor historia que podamos". Dijo que el estudio pudo trabajar en tantas series en diferentes redes y plataformas porque todo lo que necesitaban era una persona trabajando en cada serie para ayudar a "guiar el proceso". [107] Los actores que aparecen en las series de Marvel Television, como Charlie Cox (Matt Murdock / Daredevil en Daredevil ) y Adrianne Palicki ( Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird en Agents of SHIELD ), estaban obligados contractualmente a aparecer en una película de Marvel si se les solicitaba. [108] [109] Al desarrollar la miniserie crossover The Defenders , el showrunner Marco Ramirez consultó con los creadores de todas las series individuales de Marvel Netflix, pidiéndoles que leyeran cada uno de los guiones de The Defenders y brindaran información sobre los mundos de los personajes individuales. [110] En diciembre de 2021, Feige confirmó que Cox volvería a interpretar el papel de Daredevil en las producciones del MCU de Marvel Studios, [111] con Cox repitiendo el papel por primera vez en la película Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Además, Vincent D'Onofrio repitió por primera vez su papel como Wilson Fisk / Kingpin de Daredevil en la serie de Disney+ Hawkeye (2021). [112]

Largometrajes

Marvel Studios estrena sus películas en grupos llamados "Fases". [12] [13]

La saga del infinito

Las primeras tres fases se conocen colectivamente como "La Saga del Infinito". [22] La Fase Uno consta de Iron Man (2008), El Increíble Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011) y Capitán América: El primer vengador (2011), y concluye con la película crossover Los Vengadores (2012). La Fase Dos comprende Iron Man 3 (2013), Thor: El mundo oscuro (2013), Capitán América: El Soldado del Invierno (2014), Guardianes de la Galaxia (2014), Vengadores: La era de Ultrón (2015) y Ant-Man (2015). Capitán América: Civil War (2016) es la primera película de la Fase Tres , y es seguida por Doctor Strange (2016), Guardianes de la Galaxia Vol. 2 (2017), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Capitana Marvel (2019), Avengers: Endgame (2019) y Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). [13]

La saga del multiverso

Las tres fases siguientes se conocen colectivamente como "La saga del multiverso" e incluyen series de televisión en Disney+ . [47] La ​​fase cuatro incluye Black Widow (2021), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), Eternals (2021), Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), Thor: Love and Thunder (2022) y Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). La fase cinco comienza con Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), seguida de Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023), The Marvels (2023), Deadpool & Wolverine (2024) y Captain America: Brave New World (2025), y concluirá con Thunderbolts* (2025). [13] La Fase Seis comienza con Los Cuatro Fantásticos: Primeros Pasos (2025), seguida de Blade (2025), y concluirá con Vengadores: Doomsday (2026) y Vengadores: Secret Wars (2027). [113] [62]

Series de televisión y especiales

Serie de televisión de Marvel

Marvel Television produjo múltiples series de televisión ambientadas en el MCU en transmisión abierta, streaming y cable. Su serie de ABC incluyó Agents of SHIELD (2013-2020), Agent Carter (2015-2016) e Inhumans (2017); su serie de Netflix incluyó Daredevil (2015-2018), Jessica Jones (2015-2019), Luke Cage (2016-2018), Iron Fist (2017-2018), la miniserie crossover The Defenders (2017) y The Punisher (2017-2019); su serie para adultos jóvenes incluyó Runaways (2017-2019) que se transmite en Hulu y Cloak & Dagger (2018-2019) que se transmite en Freeform ; y la serie de Hulu Helstrom (2020) originalmente estaba destinada a ser el comienzo de una franquicia planificada de "Aventura en el miedo", [114] pero en última instancia "no estaba vinculada al MCU", según el showrunner Paul Zbyszewski . [115]

Serie de Marvel Studios

A partir de la Fase Cuatro, las series de televisión, estrenadas en Disney+, se incluyeron como parte de las Fases además de sus largometrajes. La Fase Cuatro incluye las series WandaVision (2021), The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021), la primera temporada de Loki (2021), la primera temporada de la serie animada What If...? (2021), Hawkeye (2021), Moon Knight (2022), Ms. Marvel (2022) y She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). Los especiales de televisión Werewolf by Night (2022) y The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022) también están incluidos en la fase. La Fase Cinco incluye Secret Invasion (2023), la segunda temporada de Loki (2023), la segunda temporada de What If...? (2023), Echo (2024), Agatha All Along (2024), Daredevil: Born Again (2025) y Ironheart (2025). [13]

Cortometrajes

Fotos únicas de Marvel

Los One-Shots de Marvel son una serie de cortometrajes directos a video que se incluyen como contenidos especiales en los lanzamientos de distribución digital y Blu-ray de las películas de MCU. Las películas incluyeron The Consultant (2011), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer (2011), [83] Item 47 (2012), [116] Agent Carter (2013), [117] y All Hail the King (2014). [118]

Después de que los One-Shots estuvieran disponibles en Disney+ en enero de 2022, Marvel clasificó los cortometrajes falsos documentales del Equipo Thor como One-Shots. [119] [120] [121] Team Thor es una serie de cortometrajes falsos documentales directos a video que se lanzaron entre 2016 y 2018, que consta de Team Thor , Team Thor: Part 2 y Team Darryl , todos escritos y dirigidos por Taika Waititi . [122] [123] [124]

Yo soy groot

I Am Groot es una serie de cortometrajes animados fotorrealistas para Disney+ protagonizados por Baby Groot que emprende aventuras con personajes nuevos e inusuales. [91] [92] [93] Vin Diesel repite su papel, con cinco cortometrajes que se estrenarán el 10 de agosto de 2022. [125] Una segunda temporada, también compuesta por cinco cortometrajes, se estrenó el 6 de septiembre de 2023. [126]

Otros medios

Serie digital

WHIH Newsfront (2015-16) es un programa de actualidad dentro del universo que sirve como una campaña de marketing viral para algunas de las películas de MCU, creado en asociación con Google para YouTube . [87] [127] La ​​campaña es una extensión de la red de noticias ficticia WHIH World News, que se ve informando sobre eventos importantes en muchas películas y series de televisión de MCU. [128] Leslie Bibb repite su papel como Christine Everhart de las películas de Iron Man . [127]

Agentes de SHIELD: Slingshot (2016) es una serie digital creada para ABC.com y producida por Marvel Television que es un suplemento de Agentes de SHIELD , con el elenco principal repitiendo sus papeles. [88]

Las dos primeras temporadas de The Daily Bugle (2019-presente) son un programa de actualidad dentro del universo que sirve como campaña de marketing viral para las películas Spider-Man: Far From Home y Spider-Man: No Way Home , con videos publicados en YouTube y TikTok . Está basado en el medio de noticias sensacionalista ficticio del mismo nombre que aparece en el MCU, a su vez basado en la agencia de periódicos ficticia del mismo nombre que aparece en varias publicaciones de Marvel Comics . JK Simmons y Angourie Rice repiten sus papeles como J. Jonah Jameson y Betty Brant de las películas de Spider-Man . [129]

Libros de historietas

Marvel Comics ha publicado múltiples series limitadas o cómics de una sola tirada que se vinculan con las películas y series de televisión del MCU. Su objetivo es contar historias adicionales sobre personajes existentes o hacer conexiones entre proyectos del MCU, sin necesariamente expandir el universo o introducir nuevos conceptos o personajes. [81] [130]

Libros

The Wakanda Files: A Technological Exploration of the Avengers and Beyond es "una colección de documentos, artículos, planos y notas recopilados a lo largo de la historia por los War Dogs de Wakanda" a pedido de Shuri . Está organizado por áreas de estudio y cubre los avances tecnológicos en todo el Universo Cinematográfico de Marvel. El libro, que existe en el universo, fue escrito por Troy Benjamin y publicado por Epic Ink y Quarto Publishing Group. The Wakanda Files tiene contenido impreso con tinta UV que se puede ver con luces UV en forma de cuentas Kimoyo incluidas con el libro. Fue lanzado el 20 de octubre de 2020. [131]

Look Out for the Little Guy , la autobiografía ficticia escrita por Scott Lang como se ve en Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania , fue lanzada por Hyperion Avenue el 5 de septiembre de 2023. Fue creada junto con Marvel Studios y losrealizadores de Quantumania , [132] y fue escrita por Rob Kutner , [133] presentando "más de 20 piezas cortas que exploran diferentes aspectos de las experiencias de Scott" como padre y Vengador. [132] El escritor de Quantumania, Jeff Loveness, escribió el material de las memorias que apareció en la película. [133]

Música

Varios compositores han creado las bandas sonoras de películas y televisión de las películas, series de televisión, one-shots, presentaciones especiales y otros proyectos relacionados con el MCU. También se han creado canciones originales específicamente para su uso en la franquicia, mientras que Brian Tyler y Michael Giacchino han compuesto música para fanfarrias para el logotipo de producción de Marvel Studios . [134] [135]

Universo ficticio

Cronología

La línea de tiempo ficticia del MCU incluye las películas, series de televisión, especiales de televisión, cortometrajes y los cortos de I Am Groot de Marvel Studios y la serie de Netflix de Marvel Television. Si bien las primeras películas de la Fase Uno y la Fase Dos de la franquicia se sucedieron en la línea de tiempo de manera similar a su orden de lanzamiento, la Fase Tres vio muchas de las películas superpuestas entre sí en la línea de tiempo, al mismo tiempo que introdujo la primera propiedad de precuela, Captain Marvel . La película de la Fase Tres Avengers: Endgame presentó personajes que viajaban al pasado e introdujo un salto temporal de cinco años, con muchos lanzamientos posteriores en la Fase Cuatro y la Fase Cinco ambientados después de los eventos de Endgame en la línea de tiempo. Las series de televisión Loki y What If...? fueron las primeras propiedades que ocurrieron fuera de la línea de tiempo principal y exploraron líneas de tiempo y universos alternativos.

Ha habido numerosos intentos por parte de Marvel Studios y otros de codificar los eventos del MCU, que han sido objeto de errores de continuidad percibidos , lo que resultó en que Marvel Studios lanzara un libro de línea de tiempo oficial en 2023 para sus primeras cuatro fases que fueron designadas como parte de su " Línea de tiempo sagrada ". Este libro no presentó proyectos producidos por otras compañías, como las series de Marvel Television, que habían estado todas vagamente conectadas con las películas, aunque se señaló que todos estos proyectos externos eran parte del canon más grande de Marvel. A principios de 2024, Marvel Studios integró formalmente el grupo de series de Netflix de Marvel Television en su línea de tiempo de Disney+.

A partir de la serie de televisión de la Fase Cinco Secret Invasion y la película The Marvels , el "día presente" en el MCU es 2026. [136] [137] [138] Lo siguiente cubre y analiza los medios del MCU lanzados por Marvel Studios y la serie de Netflix de Marvel Television. Loki y What If...? están excluidos del diagrama porque ocurren fuera de la línea de tiempo principal. Werewolf by Night también está excluido dado que el especial explícitamente no indica dónde tiene lugar en el MCU. El orden de la línea de tiempo de Disney+ coloca las primeras temporadas de Loki y What If...? entre Avengers: Endgame y WandaVision , sus segundas temporadas después de The Marvels , y Werewolf by Night después de Thor: Love and Thunder ; Werewolf by Night también se coloca aquí en The Marvel Cinematic Universe: An Official Timeline .

Llave :

Multiverso

El Manual oficial del Universo Marvel de la A a la Z , vol. 5, publicado en 2008, originalmente designó al Universo cinematográfico de Marvel como Tierra-199999 dentro de la continuidad del multiverso de cómics de Marvel , una colección de universos alternativos ficticios, aunque esta designación rara vez se usó oficialmente fuera del material original. [188] Las series de televisión Loki y What If...? fueron las primeras en explorar el concepto del multiverso dentro del MCU, [189] [190] así como la película Spider-Man: No Way Home , que conectó al MCU con otras franquicias cinematográficas de Spider-Man al presentar personajes de la trilogía Spider-Man de Sam Raimi , las películas The Amazing Spider-Man de Marc Webb y el Universo Spider-Man (SSU) de Sony. [191] [192] La película de SSU Venom: Let There Be Carnage también presentó brevemente el universo principal del MCU. [192] En Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness , el universo principal de los eventos del MCU fue designado como Tierra-616 (una designación a la que se hizo referencia por primera vez en Spider-Man: Far From Home ), compartiendo el nombre del universo principal de Marvel Comics , mientras que otro universo fue designado como Tierra-838 . [193] La película animada de Sony Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse hace referencia a los eventos de No Way Home , citando la realidad principal del MCU como Tierra-199999. [194] La serie de películas X-Men de 20th Century Fox está designada como Tierra-10005 en Deadpool & Wolverine . [195] Esa película presenta a varios actores que repiten sus papeles de la serie de películas X-Men junto con personajes de las películas de Fox Daredevil y su spin-off Elektra , Fantastic Four (2005) y su secuela , y la trilogía de películas Blade de New Line Cinema . [196] [197] Las fases cuatro, cinco y seis comprenden " La Saga del Multiverso ". [47]

Con el estreno de The Marvel Cinematic Universe: An Official Timeline en octubre de 2023, Feige escribió en su prólogo que Marvel Studios solo consideraba, en ese momento, proyectos desarrollados por ellos en sus primeras cuatro fases como parte de su " Línea de Tiempo Sagrada ", pero reconoció la historia de otras películas y series de televisión de Marvel que existirían en el multiverso más grande y dijo que eran "canónicas para Marvel". [198] En enero de 2024, Winderbaum reconoció que Marvel Studios había sido anteriormente "un poco cauteloso" sobre lo que era parte de su Línea de Tiempo Sagrada, señalando cómo había existido la división corporativa entre lo que Marvel Studios creó y lo que creó Marvel Television. Continuó diciendo que a medida que pasaba el tiempo, Marvel Studios comenzó a ver "lo bien integradas que están las historias [de Marvel Television]" y personalmente se sintió seguro de decir que Daredevil de Marvel Television era parte de la Línea de Tiempo Sagrada. [199]

Elenco y personajes recurrentes

Indicador(es) de lista

Esta sección incluye personajes que aparecerán o han aparecido en al menos tres películas/series de MCU y recibieron crédito de facturación principal en al menos dos franquicias.

Además, Paul Bettany fue el primer actor en interpretar a dos personajes principales dentro del universo, prestando su voz a la inteligencia artificial JARVIS de Tony Stark y retratando a Vision. [296] [297] [298] [299] JK Simmons se convirtió en el primer actor en repetir un papel no perteneciente al MCU en el MCU cuando apareció como J. Jonah Jameson (un papel que interpretó en la trilogía Spider-Man de Sam Raimi de 2002 a 2007) en Spider-Man: Far From Home . [300]

Antes de su muerte en 2018, Stan Lee, el creador o cocreador de muchos de los personajes adaptados en el MCU, hizo apariciones especiales en todas las películas y series de televisión excepto Inhumans . En Iron Fist , se revela que su cameo fotográfico en el set en la serie de Marvel Netflix es como el capitán de la policía de Nueva York, Irving Forbush . [301] Su cameo en Guardianes de la Galaxia Vol. 2 ve a Lee aparecer como informante de los Vigilantes , discutiendo aventuras anteriores que incluyen cameos de Lee en otras películas del MCU; menciona específicamente su tiempo como repartidor de FedEx , refiriéndose al cameo de Lee en Capitán América: Civil War . [302] Esto reconoció la teoría de los fans de que Lee puede estar interpretando al mismo personaje en todos sus cameos, [303] con el escritor y director James Gunn señalando que los comentaristas creían que Lee estaba interpretando al personaje Uatu el Vigilante y "que todos estos cameos son parte de él siendo un Vigilante . Entonces, Stan Lee como un tipo que está trabajando para los Vigilantes fue algo que pensé que era divertido para el MCU". [302] [303] Feige agregó que Lee "claramente existe, ya sabes, por encima y aparte de la realidad de todas las películas. Entonces, la noción de que podría estar sentado allí en una parada cósmica durante la secuencia de la puerta de salto en Guardianes ... realmente dice, así que espera un minuto, ¿es este mismo personaje que ha aparecido en todas estas películas?" [304] Después de la muerte de Lee, Marvel Studios decidió no crear ningún nuevo cameo de Lee en proyectos futuros. [305] El presentador de noticias de NY1 Pat Kiernan también ha aparecido en múltiples películas y series de televisión del MCU como él mismo. [306]

Recepción

Al principio, el elemento de universo compartido del Universo Cinematográfico de Marvel fue criticado por algunos periodistas. Alrededor del estreno de Los Vengadores en 2012, Jim Vorel de Herald & Review calificó al Universo Cinematográfico de Marvel como "complicado" e "impresionante", pero dijo: "A medida que más y más héroes obtienen sus propias adaptaciones cinematográficas, el universo en general se vuelve cada vez más confuso". [307] Kofi Outlaw de Screen Rant afirmó que, si bien Los Vengadores fue un éxito, "Marvel Studios todavía tiene espacio para mejorar su enfoque para construir un universo cinematográfico compartido". [308] Algunos críticos criticaron el hecho de que el deseo de crear un universo compartido llevó a películas que no se sostuvieron tan bien por sí solas. En su reseña de Thor: The Dark World , el crítico de Forbes Scott Mendelson comparó al MCU con "una serie de televisión glorificada", con The Dark World siendo un "episodio 'independiente' que contiene poca mitología de largo alcance". [309] Matt Goldberg de Collider consideró que si bien Iron Man 2 , Thor y Capitán América: El primer vengador fueron producciones de calidad, "nunca fueron realmente sus propias películas", sintiendo que los desvíos de la trama hacia SHIELD o los preparativos para Los Vengadores arrastraron las narrativas de las películas. [310]

La metáfora del MCU como "el programa de televisión más grande del mundo" fue discutida nuevamente, después del lanzamiento de Capitán América: Civil War , por Emily VanDerWerff de Vox , quien sintió que la película en particular destacó el éxito de Marvel con el modelo, diciendo: "Visto en completo aislamiento, la trama de Capitán América: Civil War tiene poco o ningún sentido... [pero] cuando piensas en dónde ha estado [Capitán América] en películas anteriores de Marvel... su recelo por estar sujeto a supervisión tiene mucho más sentido". VanDerWerff continuó diciendo que al pensar en el MCU como una serie de televisión, muchas "críticas comunes que la gente tiende a dirigirle adquieren un nuevo contexto", como las quejas de que las películas son formulaicas, carecen de "chispa visual" o "meten con calzador elementos de la historia" que "son necesarios para preparar películas futuras", todas características que "son bastante típicas en la televisión, donde la influencia de un director es mucho menor que la del showrunner", en este caso, Feige. Comparando las películas con la serie Game of Thrones específicamente, VanDerWerff señaló que cada película en solitario analiza "varios personajes y sus historias secundarias individuales, antes de reunir a todos en el final (o, más bien, una película de Avengers)", con Guardianes de la Galaxia siendo equivalente al personaje Daenerys Targaryen - "ambos separados por largas distancias de todos los demás". Señaló que este formato era una extensión de las primeras franquicias cinematográficas "similares a la televisión" como Star Wars , así como el formato de los cómics en los que se basan las películas. "Digo todo esto no para sugerir que las franquicias cinematográficas que se parecen a las series de televisión sean necesariamente una buena tendencia", concluyó VanDerWerff, "Por mucho que en general disfrute de las películas de Marvel, me desanima la posibilidad de que su forma particular pueda apoderarse de la industria cinematográfica... Pero tampoco creo que sea el fin del mundo si Marvel continúa... hay una razón por la que la televisión ha robado tanto de la conversación cultural en las últimas décadas. Hay algo legítimamente emocionante en la forma en que el medio cuenta historias cuando es bueno, y como mínimo, el éxito de Marvel demuestra que el mundo del cine podría aprender de eso". [311]

Tras la conclusión de la primera temporada de Agents of SHIELD , Mary McNamara en Los Angeles Times elogió las conexiones entre esa serie y las películas, afirmando que "nunca antes la televisión ha estado literalmente casada con el cine, encargada de completar la historia de fondo y crear el tejido conectivo de una franquicia cinematográfica en curso ... [ Agents of SHIELD ] ahora no solo es un muy buen programa por derecho propio, es parte de la ciudad-estado multiplataforma de Marvel. Se enfrenta a un futuro de reinvención perpetua, y eso lo coloca en el emocionante primer vagón de la montaña rusa de la televisión hacia la posible dominación mundial ". [312] Terri Schwartz de Zap2it estuvo de acuerdo con este sentimiento, afirmando que "el hecho de que [ Captain America: The Winter Soldier ] haya influido tanto en el programa es un cambio de juego en términos de cómo se pueden entrelazar los medios del cine y la televisión", aunque "la falla parece ser que Agents of SHIELD tuvo que esperar hasta el lanzamiento de The Winter Soldier ", lo que generó muchas críticas. [313]

En enero de 2015, Michael Doran de Newsarama y Graeme McMillian de The Hollywood Reporter tuvieron un debate de "punto y contrapunto" en respuesta al primer tráiler de Ant-Man . Doran declaró: "Marvel ha subido el listón tan alto que, en lugar de permitir que otra película termine por debajo del listón [del MCU], todos estamos exageradamente ansiosos por reaccionar exageradamente ante la primera cosa que no lo supere". McMillian respondió: "en este punto, la marca de Marvel es tal que no estoy seguro de que pueda ofrecer algo como [el tráiler] sin que parezca una decepción aplastante... parte de la marca de Marvel es que no ofrece el tipo de película de superhéroes común y corriente de la que estás hablando, que es... al menos lo suficientemente diferente como para modificar y jugar con el género de alguna manera... El hecho de que haya tanto malestar por este tráiler que... bueno, está bien... me sugiere que la audiencia espera algo que los deje boquiabiertos". Doran concluyó: "Ese parece ser el punto aquí: las expectativas que los fanáticos tienen ahora para todo lo que es Marvel Studios... [y] Marvel eventualmente va a flaquear". [ 314]

Después de ver la interpretación de Yellowjacket en Ant-Man , el antagonista de la película, McMillian señaló:

No es ningún secreto que Marvel Studios tiene un pequeño problema cuando se trata de ofrecer personajes emocionantes contra los que sus héroes puedan luchar... [sus] villanos generalmente se dividen en dos grupos. Está el Monstruo Imparable... o está el Tipo Blanco Profesional con Traje y Ego... No importa en cuál de los grupos se ubiquen los villanos anteriores, comparten un propósito común: el mal . Las motivaciones para el mal probablemente difieran, aunque, invariablemente, caen bajo el paraguas de "creencia equivocada en un bien mayor que no existe", pero eso realmente no importa, porque sin excepción, habrá tan poco tiempo en la película para explorar adecuadamente esas motivaciones, lo que significa que, a todos los efectos, el villano está siendo malvado por razones de necesidad de la trama y poco más ... Lo extraño de esto es que los cómics de Marvel ofrecen una serie de malos maravillosos y coloridos que podrían salir de los parámetros anteriores y ofrecer una alternativa a los villanos formulaicos a los que el público se ha acostumbrado (y posiblemente aburrido de ellos) ... En futuras películas, solo podemos esperar [que sean] tratados de tal manera que sus banderas raras puedan ondear libremente. [315]

Tras el estreno de Jessica Jones , David Priest de CNET escribió sobre cómo la serie rescata a "Marvel de sí misma... Jessica Jones da grandes pasos hacia adelante en términos de temática, técnica y diversidad. Es una buena historia primero, y un programa de superhéroes segundo. Y por primera vez, el MCU parece que importa. Nuestra cultura necesita historias como esta. Esperemos que Marvel las siga haciendo". [316] Para Paul Tassi y Erik Kain de Forbes , ver la serie les hizo cuestionar el MCU, y Kain sintió que "el mundo moralmente complejo, violento y oscuro de Jessica Jones no tiene cabida en el MCU... en este momento, el MCU está frenando programas como Jessica Jones y Daredevil , mientras que esos programas no aportan absolutamente nada al MCU". [317] Tassi llegó al punto de preguntarse cuál es "el sentido del Universo Cinematográfico de Marvel", lamentando la falta de crossovers importantes en la franquicia desde la revelación de Winter Soldier en Agents of SHIELD , y diciendo que Jessica Jones está "tan alejada del mundo de The Avengers , que bien podría no estar en el mismo universo en absoluto... [Yo] realmente no entiendo el sentido de [el MCU] si van a mantener todo dentro de él separado en estas pequeñas cajas". [318] Por el contrario, Eric Francisco de Inverse llamó a la falta de conexiones abiertas de Jessica Jones con el MCU "la principal ventaja del programa. Además de demostrar cuán físicamente abierto es realmente el alcance del MCU, Jessica Jones también prueba la durabilidad temática del MCU". [319]

En abril de 2016, Marvel Studios reveló que Alfre Woodard aparecería en Capitán América: Civil War , habiendo sido ya elegida como Mariah Dillard en Luke Cage el año anterior. [320] Esto "aumentó las esperanzas de que Marvel pudiera unir sus universos cinematográfico y de Netflix", [321] con "una de las primeras y más fuertes conexiones" entre los dos. [320] Los escritores de Civil War, Christopher Markus y Stephen McFeely, revelaron que Woodard, en cambio, interpretaría a Miriam Sharpe en la película, explicando que había sido elegida por sugerencia de Robert Downey Jr., y que no se habían enterado de su elección en Luke Cage hasta después. [320] Esta no fue la primera instancia de actores elegidos para múltiples papeles en el MCU, pero este casting fue calificado como más "significativo" y visto por muchos como una indicación "decepcionante" de "la creciente división" y la "falta de cooperación más satisfactoria" entre Marvel Studios y Marvel Television luego de la reorganización corporativa de Marvel Entertainment en septiembre de 2015. [320] [322]

Hablando sobre la ambientación de los años 90 de Captain Marvel , "la primera pieza de época completa del MCU desde Captain America: The First Avenger de Phase One en 2011", Richard Newby de The Hollywood Reporter sintió que el regreso de versiones más jóvenes de algunos personajes presentados y asesinados en películas anteriores "abrió el MCU de una manera completamente nueva y amplió el mantra de la franquicia de 'todo está conectado ' ". Hablando específicamente sobre la aparición de Clark Gregg como el agente Phil Coulson en la película, Newby señaló que la aparición "no repara exactamente las cercas entre las divisiones de cine y televisión de Marvel, [pero] fortalece el tejido conectivo y la sensación de que estos personajes aún importan en el gran esquema de los planes cinematográficos de Marvel". También esperaba que se mantuviera la continuidad de Agents of SHIELD en Captain Marvel , especialmente porque Coulson se ocupó de los Kree en la serie. Newby también agregó que cambiar a diferentes períodos de tiempo ayudaría a Marvel Studios a "sostener este universo cinematográfico durante los próximos 10 años" al permitirles repetir algunos de los géneros utilizados anteriormente, ya que podrían sentirse "frescos" y tener "reglas y restricciones diferentes", así como permitirles desarrollar material establecido en la serie de televisión como Agent Carter . Concluyó:

Marvel Studios tiene todo un mundo abierto en el que jugar, pero, por razones necesarias, ha optado en gran medida por permanecer en un pequeño rincón para que el público se familiarice con estos conceptos. Ahora que se han sentado las bases, la oportunidad de explorar tanto en cine como en televisión está por delante, con la Capitana Marvel a la cabeza. Sea cual sea el plan de Marvel Studios para llevar al MCU en el futuro, es reconfortante saber que su pasado es expansivo y está lleno de infinitas posibilidades. [323]

De igual forma, en su reseña de Avengers: Endgame , Joe Morgenstern de The Wall Street Journal reconoció el logro único que había alcanzado el Universo Cinematográfico de Marvel:

Son tiempos difíciles para el entretenimiento en pantalla grande. A medida que el medio declina y la televisión gana terreno, los espectáculos auténticos (en lugar de los adornos suntuosos de ideas insignificantes) amenazan con convertirse en algo del pasado legendario. Por eso, hay más razones para apreciar lo que Marvel ha logrado, aunque se hayan producido tropiezos desconcertantes en el camino. El estudio ha mantenido la fe mejorando la mayoría de sus películas, no haciéndolas más tontas, aprovechando y sacando provecho del apetito de sorpresa del público, su capacidad para la complejidad. Cuando llega la batalla final al final de Avengers: Endgame , es inevitablemente difícil de manejar (todos los personajes de Marvel que puedas imaginar de la última década aparecen para un asalto más al mal cósmico), pero emocionante de todos modos, y seguida de una delicada coda. Tantas historias. Tantas aventuras. Tanto por resolver antes de que comience el siguiente ciclo. [324]

Muchos cineastas famosos expresaron diferentes puntos de vista tanto sobre el éxito como sobre la calidad del MCU. En octubre de 2019, el cineasta Martin Scorsese criticó abiertamente las películas de Marvel en una entrevista y durante una conferencia de David Lean en Londres, que luego se amplió en un artículo de opinión en The New York Times , afirmando que estas películas no son cine, sino que son el equivalente a las atracciones de los parques temáticos que carecen de "misterio, revelación o peligro emocional genuino". [325] [326] [327] También afirmó que dichas películas son productos corporativos que han sido "investigados en el mercado, probados por la audiencia, examinados, modificados, reexaminados y remodificados hasta que estén listos para el consumo", y que la invasión de tales películas de "parques temáticos" en los cines desplazó a las películas de otros directores. [328] Los comentarios de Scorsese fueron desestimados por directores de películas del MCU como Joss Whedon y James Gunn, [325] mientras que fueron defendidos por Francis Ford Coppola , quien calificó el efecto potencial de las películas de Marvel en la industria cinematográfica como "despreciable". [329] En septiembre de 2021, el director Denis Villeneuve señaló que las películas de Marvel "no son más que un 'cortar y pegar' de otras" que nos han "convertido un poco en zombis". [330] En febrero de 2022, el director Roland Emmerich sintió que las grandes películas de gran éxito como las del MCU y las de Star Wars estaban "arruinando un poco nuestra industria", ya que "ya nadie hace nada original". [331] Por el contrario, George Miller afirmó: "Para mí, todo es cine. No creo que se pueda aislar y decir, oh, esto es cine o aquello es cine. Se aplica a todas las artes, a la literatura, las artes escénicas, la pintura y la música, en todas sus formas. Es un espectro tan amplio, una gama tan amplia, y decir que alguien es más significativo o más importante que el otro es perder el punto. Es un gran mosaico y cada pieza de trabajo encaja en él". [332]

La audiencia estadounidense de Marvel fue estudiada por Morning Consult en 2021, que descubrió que el 9% de la base de fanáticos de Marvel es de la Generación Z , el 64% de los fanáticos son adultos blancos y el 42% de los fanáticos viven en áreas suburbanas . [333] En 2023, los críticos comenzaron a describir el volumen de historias interconectadas como una "tarea". [334]

Impacto cultural

Otros estudios

After the release of The Avengers in May 2012, Tom Russo of Boston.com noted that aside from the occasional "novelty" such as Alien vs. Predator (2004), the idea of a shared universe was virtually unheard of in Hollywood.[6] Since that time, the shared universe model created by Marvel Studios has begun to be replicated by other film studios that held rights to other comic book characters. In April 2014, Tuna Amobi, a media analyst for Standard & Poor's Equity Research Services, stated that in the previous three to five years, Hollywood studios began planning "megafranchises" for years to come, opposed to working one blockbuster at a time. Amobi added, "A lot of these superhero characters were just being left there to gather dust. Disney has proved that this [approach and genre] can be a gold mine."[335] With more studios now "playing the megafranchise game", Doug Creutz, media analyst for Cowen and Company, feels the allure will eventually die for audiences: "If Marvel's going to make two or three films a year, and Warner Brothers is going to do at least a film every year, and Sony's going to do a film every year, and Fox [is] going to do a film every year, can everyone do well in that scenario? I'm not sure they can."[335]

In March 2018, Patrick Shanley of The Hollywood Reporter opined that "the key differences between a regular franchise, such as The Fast and the Furious or Pitch Perfect films, and a shared universe is the amount of planning and interweaving that goes into each individual film. Its all too easy to make a film that exists solely for the purpose of setting up future installments and expanding a world, rather than a film that stands on its own merits while deftly hinting or winking at its place in the larger mythos. In that, the MCU has flourished." He felt that Iron Man "itself was aimed at being an enjoyable stand-alone experience, not as an overall advertisement for 17 subsequent movies. That mentality has persisted through most of the MCU films over the past decade, which is all the more impressive as its roster of heroes now exceeds the two-dozen mark."[336]

DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Pictures

In October 2012, following its legal victory over Joe Shuster's estate for the rights to Superman, Warner Bros. Pictures announced that it planned to move ahead with its long-awaited Justice League film, uniting such DC Comics superheroes as Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman. The company was expected to take the opposite approach to Marvel, releasing individual films for the characters after they have appeared in a team-up film.[337] The release of Man of Steel in 2013 was intended to be the start of a new shared universe for DC, "laying the groundwork for the future slate of films based on DC Comics".[338] In 2014, Warner Bros. announced that slate of films, similarly to Disney and Marvel claiming dates for films years in advance.[339] That year, DC chief creative officer Geoff Johns stated that the television series Arrow and The Flash were set in a separate universe from the new film one,[340] later clarifying that "We look at it as the multiverse. We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it's about allowing everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a vision and you really want to let the visions shine through ... It's just a different approach [from Marvel's]."[341]

Discussing the apparent failure of the cinematic universe's first team-up film, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), to establish a successful equivalent to the MCU, Emily VanDerWerff noted that where the MCU has a television-like "showrunner" in Feige, "the visionary behind Marvel's entire slate", the DCEU has director Zack Snyder, whose DC films "seemingly start from the assumption that people have come not to see an individual story but a long series of teases for other ones. It's like he knows what he needs to do but can't focus on the task at hand. TV certainly isn't immune to that problem, but shows that get caught up in high-concept premises and big-picture thinking before doing the necessary legwork to establish characters and their relationships tend to be canceled."[311] Subsequently, in May 2016, Warner Bros. gave oversight of the DCEU to Johns and executive Jon Berg in an attempt to "unify the disparate elements of the DC movies" and emulate Marvel's success. The two were made producers on the Justice League films, on top of Johns' involvement in several "solo" films, such as the post-production process of Suicide Squad (2016) or the writing process of a standalone Batman film.[342] After the successful release of Wonder Woman in June 2017, DC decided to begin deemphasizing the shared nature of their films, with DC Entertainment president Diane Nelson stating, "Our intention, certainly, moving forward is using the continuity to help make sure nothing is diverging in a way that doesn't make sense, but there's no insistence upon an overall story line or interconnectivity in that universe... Moving forward, you'll see the DC movie universe being a universe, but one that comes from the heart of the filmmaker who's creating them." Additionally, DC began focusing on films "completely separate from everything else, set entirely outside" the DCEU as part of a new label, with the first film centered on the Joker.[343] In August 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery CEO David Zaslav announced a 10-year plan for the DC Extended Universe similar to the one that Horn and Iger employed with Feige for the MCU,[344] with James Gunn and Peter Safran appointed in October 2022 to serve as the co-chairmen and co-CEOs of the newly formed DC Studios to develop a new DC shared universe,[101] the first content for which was announced in January 2023.[345]

20th Century Fox

In November 2012, 20th Century Fox announced plans to create their own shared universe, consisting of Marvel properties that it held the rights to including the Fantastic Four and X-Men, with the hiring of Mark Millar as supervising producer. Millar said, "Fox are thinking, 'We're sitting on some really awesome things here. There is another side of the Marvel Universe. Let's try and get some cohesiveness going.' So they brought me in to oversee that really. To meet with the writers and directors to suggest new ways we could take this stuff and new properties that could spin out of it."[346] X-Men: Days of Future Past, released in 2014, was Fox's first step towards expanding their stable of Marvel properties and creating this universe,[347] ahead of the release of a Fantastic Four reboot film the next year.[348] In May 2014, Days of Future Past and Fantastic Four screenwriter Simon Kinberg stated that the latter film would not take place in the same universe as the X-Men films, explaining that "none of the X-Men movies have acknowledged the notion of a sort of superhero team—the Fantastic Four. And the Fantastic Four acquire powers, so for them to live in a world where mutants are prevalent is kind of complicated, because you're like, 'Oh, you're just a mutant.' Like, 'What's so fantastic about you?' ... they live in discrete universes."[348] In July 2015, X-Men director Bryan Singer said that there was still potential for a crossover between the X-Men and Fantastic Four franchises, if reactions to Fantastic Four and X-Men: Apocalypse warranted it.[349]

Feeling that Singer's efforts in Apocalypse to establish a larger world, similar to the MCU, did not meet the standards established by Marvel, VanDerWerff noted that unlike Feige's ability to serve as "pseudo-showrunner", Singer is instead "steeped in film and the way movie stories have always been told", so "when it comes time to have Apocalypse dovetail with story threads from the earlier X-Men: First Class", which was directed by Matthew Vaughn, "both Singer's direction and Simon Kinberg's script rely on hackneyed devices and clumsy storytelling", indicating a lack of "the kind of big-picture thinking this sort of mega franchise requires".[311] In his review of Dark Phoenix, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal characterized the entire X-Men film series as being a "notoriously erratic franchise".[350] In March 2019, the film rights of Deadpool, the X-Men characters, and the Fantastic Four characters returned to Marvel Studios following the Walt Disney Company's acquisition of 21st Century Fox.[31][32]

Sony Pictures

In November 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment co-chairman Amy Pascal announced that the studio intended to expand their universe created within Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man series, with spin-off adventures for supporting characters, in an attempt to replicate Marvel and Disney's model.[347] The next month, Sony announced Venom and Sinister Six films, both set in the Amazing Spider-Man universe. With this announcement, IGN stated that the spin-offs are "the latest example of what we can refer to as "the Avengers effect" in Hollywood, as studios work to build interlocking movie universes."[351] Sony chose not to replicate the Marvel Studios model of introducing individual characters first before bringing them together in a team-up film, instead making the Spider-Man adversaries the stars of future films.[335] In February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that the Spider-Man franchise would be retooled, with a new film co-produced by Feige and Pascal being released in July 2017, and the character being integrated into the MCU. Sony Pictures would continue to finance, distribute, own, and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films.[352] With this announcement, sequels to The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) were canceled,[353] and by November 2015 the Venom and Sinister Six films, as well as spin-offs based on female characters in the Spider-Man universe, were no longer moving forward.[353][354] By March 2016, the Venom film had itself been retooled, to start its own franchise unrelated to the MCU Spider-Man.[355] A year later, Sony officially announced the Venom film to be in development, for an October 5, 2018, release,[356] along with a film centered on the characters Silver Sable and Black Cat known as Silver & Black.[357] Both projects were not intended to be a part of the MCU nor spin-offs to Spider-Man: Homecoming, but rather part of an intended separate shared universe known as the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU).[357][358][359] The mid-credits scene of Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021) hinted at Eddie Brock / Venom joining the MCU,[360] which was confirmed with the release of Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) through an uncredited cameo appearance in its mid-credits scene.[361] Spider-Man: No Way Home also featured the Spider-Man iterations from Sam Raimi and Webb's Spider-Man films, respectively reprised by Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield.[362]

After Sony canceled their shared universe plans and started sharing the Spider-Man character with Marvel Studios, multiple critics discussed their failure at replicating the MCU. Scott Meslow of The Week noted the perceived flaws of the first Amazing Spider-Man film, outside of its lead performances, and how the sequel "doubles down on all the missteps of the original while adding a few of its own. ...We now have a textbook example of how not to reboot a superhero franchise, and if Sony and Marvel are wise, they'll take virtually all those lessons to heart as they chart Spider-Man's next course."[363] Scott Mendelson noted that The Amazing Spider-Man 2 "was sold as less a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man than a backdoor pilot for Spider-Man vs. the Sinister Six. ...Had Sony stuck with the original plan of a scaled-down superhero franchise, one that really was rooted in romantic drama, they would have at least stuck out in a crowded field of superhero franchises. When every superhero film is now going bigger, Amazing Spider-Man could have distinguished itself by going small and intimate." This would have saved Sony "a boatload of money", and potentially reversed the film's relative financial failure.[364]

Academia

In September 2014, the University of Baltimore announced a course beginning in the 2015 spring semester revolving around the Marvel Cinematic Universe, to be taught by Arnold T. Blumberg. "Media Genres: Media Marvels" examines "how Marvel's series of interconnected films and television shows, plus related media and comic book sources and Joseph Campbell's monomyth of the 'hero's journey', offer important insights into modern culture" as well as Marvel's efforts "to establish a viable universe of plotlines, characters, and backstories."[365][366]

Outside media

Avengers Campus

After the acquisition by Disney in 2009, Marvel films began to be marketed at the Innoventions attraction in Tomorrowland at Disneyland. For Iron Man 3, the exhibit, entitled "Iron Man Tech Presented by Stark Industries", featured the same armor display that was shown at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con, with the Marks I-VII and the new Mark XLII. In addition, there was a simulator game, titled "Become Iron Man", that used Kinect-like technology to allow the viewer to be encased in an animated Mark XLII armor and take part in a series of "tests", in which you fire repulsor rays and fly through Tony Stark's workshop. The game was guided by J.A.R.V.I.S., who is voiced again by Paul Bettany. The exhibit also had smaller displays that included helmets and chest pieces from the earlier films and the gauntlet and boot from an action sequence in Iron Man 3.[367] The exhibit for Thor: The Dark World was called "Thor: Treasures of Asgard", and featured displays of Asgardian relics and transports guests to Odin's throne room, where they were greeted by Thor.[368] Captain America: The Winter Soldier's exhibit, "Captain America: The Living Legend and Symbol of Courage", featured a meet and greet experience.[369]

From May to September 2017, Disneyland Resort featured the "Summer of Heroes", which sees members of the Guardians and Avengers making appearances throughout the Disneyland Resort. Additionally, the Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Dance Off event was featured, which involved Peter Quill / Star-Lord blasting music from his boombox, along with the Avengers Training Initiative, a limited experience where Black Widow and Hawkeye "assemble a group of young recruits to see if they have what it takes to be an Avenger." Marvel-related food and merchandise was also available throughout Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure during the "Summer of Heroes".[370]

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced three new Marvel-themed areas inspired by the MCU to Disney California Adventure, Walt Disney Studios Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland. The developments will be designed by Walt Disney Imagineering in collaboration with Marvel Studios and Marvel Themed Entertainment.[371] As was established with Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!, Avengers Campus exists in its own theme park universe that is inspired by the MCU.[372][373] Being in the MCU multiverse, Avengers Campus has a shared history with the MCU proper, with a few notable exceptions being the Blip from Avengers: Infinity War did not occur, and some characters who died, such as Tony Stark, are still alive.[373]

Hong Kong Disneyland

In October 2013, the Iron Man Experience attraction was announced for Hong Kong Disneyland.[374] It is set in the Tomorrowland section of the park,[375] with the area built to look like a new Stark Expo created by Tony Stark after the 2010 one, as seen in Iron Man 2,[376] with various exhibit halls that include the Mark III armor from the films.[375][377] The area also has Iron Man and Marvel-themed merchandise items and memorabilia, plus an interactive game where guests can have the chance to try on Iron Man's armor.[378] Iron Man Experience sees guests assist Iron Man in defeating Hydra throughout Hong Kong,[375] and opened on January 11, 2017.[378]

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to Hong Kong Disneyland and a new attraction where guests team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp, to join Iron Man Experience.[371][379] Inspired by Ant-Man and the Wasp,[380] Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! is an enclosed interactive dark ride that sees guests use laser powered weapons to team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp to defeat Arnim Zola and his army of Hydra swarm bots.[380][381] Ant Man and the Wasp: Nano Battle! replaces the Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters ride,[380] and opened on March 31, 2019.[382]

Disney California Adventure

By San Diego Comic-Con 2016, the Tower of Terror at Disney California Adventure was set to be replaced by a new attraction, Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!. Chris Pratt, Zoë Saldaña, Dave Bautista and Benicio del Toro all filmed exclusive footage for the attraction, reprising their roles as Peter Quill / Star-Lord, Gamora, Drax and Taneleer Tivan / The Collector, respectively.[383][384] James Gunn, director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel, directed footage for the attraction and consulted on all aspects of it.[385] Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! sees visitors assisting Rocket to rescue the other Guardians from the Collector's fortress, while the attraction features randomized events during the experience and music inspired by the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack. The attraction opened on May 27, 2017.[370]

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU at Disney California Adventure, anchored by Mission: Breakout!, that sees characters from the MCU such as Iron Man and Spider-Man join the Guardians of the Galaxy in a "completely immersive superhero universe". The area replaced the "A Bug's Land" area, which closed in mid-2018 to start construction on the Marvel area.[371][379] Tom Holland reprises his role as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the attraction Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure, in which Parker has set up W.E.B. (the Worldwide Engineers Brigade) to inspire a new generation to use technology to save the world. Riders are recruited by Spider-Man into the initiative to stop his malfunctioning Spider-Bots.[386] Web Slingers was directed by Spider-Man director Jon Watts along with Brett Strong, and was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects by Framestore.[387] A one-act version of Rogers: The Musical premiered at the Hyperion Theater on June 30, 2023, and ran for a limited time until August 31.[388]

Walt Disney Studios Park

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to Disneyland Paris' Walt Disney Studios Park. The area includes a reimagined attraction where riders team up with Iron Man and other Avengers on a "hyper-kinetic adventure" on July 20, 2022.[371][389] The park also hosted the "Summer of Super Heroes" live-action stage show from June–September 2018.[371][379]

Disney cruises

In July 2021, the immersive family dining experience "Avengers: Quantum Encounter" at the Worlds of Marvel restaurant on the Disney Wish cruise ship was announced, which debuted when the cruise began voyages on July 14, 2022.[390][391] The experience takes place during dinner with interactive elements and a full CGI recreation of the Wish's upper decks.[392] Paul Rudd, Evangeline Lilly, Anthony Mackie, Brie Larson, Kerry Condon, and Iman Vellani reprised their MCU roles,[393][394] while Ross Marquand voiced Ultron after previously doing so in What If...?, in which he replaced James Spader.[393] Chris Waitt directed Rudd and Lilly's content, which was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects by Framestore.[395][396] The Marvels director Nia DaCosta filmed Vellani and Larson's content in London ahead of principal photography for the film.[397]

In September 2023, the Wish's sister ship the Disney Treasure was announced to also include the Worlds of Marvel restaurant with two nights of distinct shows and menus, featuring an appearance by Spider-Man. The Marvel Super Hero Academy is also included on the cruise, where young kids can train to be superheroes with Spider-Man, Black Panther, and Ant-Man. These will be available on the Treasure when it begins voyages on December 21, 2024.[398]

Other live attractions

Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.

In May 2014, the Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. (Scientific Training and Tactical Intelligence Operative Network) exhibit opened at the Discovery Times Square center. The exhibit features replica set pieces, as well as actual props from the films, mixed with interactive technology and information, crafted through a partnership with NASA and other scientists. Titus Welliver also provides a "debrief" to visitors, reprising his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Felix Blake. Created by Victory Hill Exhibits, Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. cost $7.5 million to create,[399][400] and ran through early September 2015.[401]

The exhibit also opened in South Korea at the War Memorial of Korea in April 2015,[402][403] in Paris, France, at Esplanade de La Défense a year later, and in Las Vegas at the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino in June 2016.[403] The Las Vegas version of the exhibit featured updated character details and corresponding science to incorporate the Marvel films that have released since the original exhibit in New York. Additionally, the Las Vegas version features Cobie Smulders reprising her role as Maria Hill to "debrief" visitors, replacing Welliver.[404]

GOMA exhibit

An art exhibit, titled Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe, was displayed exclusively at the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) in Brisbane, Australia, in 2017. The exhibit, which included "300 plus objects, films, costumes, drawings and other ephemera", featured content "from the collection of Marvel Studios and Marvel Entertainment and private collections" with "significant focus [given] to the creative artists who translate the drawn narrative to the screen through production design and storyboarding, costume and prop design, and special effects and post-production". Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe was also extended to GOMA's Australian Cinémathèque with a retrospective of the MCU films.[405][406]

Avengers: Damage Control

In October 2019, Marvel Studios and ILMxLAB announced the virtual reality experience Avengers: Damage Control. The experience would be available for a limited time starting in mid-October 2019 at select Void VR locations. Avengers: Damage Control sees players taking control of one of Shuri's Emergency Response Suits–which combine Wakandan and Stark Industries technologies–to defeat a threat alongside Doctor Strange, Ant-Man, and the Wasp. Letitia Wright, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Rudd, and Evangeline Lilly all reprise their MCU roles,[407] while Ross Marquand voices Ultron, replacing James Spader.[408] The experience was extended to the end of 2019.[409]

Marvel Studios' Infinity Saga Concert Experience

In May 2024, the Marvel Studios' Infinity Saga Concert Experience was announced from Disney Concerts, Marvel Studios, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic, to premiere on August 30 and 31, 2024, at the Hollywood Bowl. The concert, conducted by the Philharmonic's Music and Artistic director Gustavo Dudamel, features the Philharmonic performing a "specially created score" of music from the Infinity Saga films, such as The Avengers theme and "Portals" from Avengers: Endgame, live to picture.[410] The first half of the concert focused on individual characters from the films, while the second half centered on Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame. A "post-credits scene" saw the Philharmonic play Michael Giacchino's theme from The Fantastic Four: First Steps (2025).[411] The performance also utilized projection mapping on the proscenium of the Hollywood Bowl while audiences members wore PixMob light-up wrist bands.[410][412] The concert is set to go on tour globally in 2025.[411][412]

Live-action specials

Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe (2014)

On March 18, 2014, ABC aired a one-hour television special titled Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe, which documented the history of Marvel Studios and the development of the Marvel Cinematic Universe and included exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes footage from all of the films, One-Shots, and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and sneak peeks of Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, unaired episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[413] and Ant-Man.[414] Brian Lowry of Variety felt the special, "contains a pretty interesting business and creative story. While it might all make sense in hindsight, there was appreciable audacity in Marvel's plan to release five loosely connected movies from the same hero-filled world, beginning with the cinematically unproven Iron Man and culminating with superhero team The Avengers. As such, this fast-moving hour qualifies as more than just a cut-and-paste job from electronic press kits, although there's an element of that, certainly."[415] The special was released on September 9, 2014, on the home media for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1.[416]

Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop! (2014)

In September 2014, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell stated that in order to meet production demands and avoid having to air repeat episodes, ABC would likely air a Marvel special in place of a regular installment at some point during the first ten episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s second season.[417] In October, the special was revealed to be Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, which was hosted by Emily VanCamp, who portrays Agent 13 in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and aired on November 4, 2014.[418] The special features behind the scenes footage from Avengers: Age of Ultron and Ant-Man, as well as footage from the Agent Carter television series previously screened at New York Comic Con.[419] Brian Lowry of Variety felt an hour for the special did not "do the topic justice" adding, "For anyone who has seen more than one Marvel movie but would shrug perplexedly at the mention of Jack Kirby or Steve Ditko, Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp To Pop! should probably be required viewing. Fun, fast-paced and encompassing many of the company's highlights along with a few lowlights, it's a solid primer on Marvel's history, while weaving in inevitable self-promotion and synergistic plugs."[420] Eric Goldman of IGN also wished the special had been longer, adding, "Understandably, the more you already know about Marvel, the less you'll be surprised by Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, but it's important to remember who this special is really made for – a mainstream audience who have embraced the Marvel characters, via the hugely successful movies, in a way no one could have imagined."[419]

Marvel Studios: Expanding the Universe (2019)

The special Expanding the Universe was released on Disney+ on November 12, 2019. It features a look at the original MCU TV series for Disney+, with interviews and concept art.[421]

Bilibili New Year's Gala (2020)

A Marvel-themed orchestra performance of an extended version of Brian Tyler's Marvel Studios theme and Alan Silvestri's theme from The Avengers took place during China's Bilibili New Year's Gala on December 31, 2020, to promote the 2021 Marvel Studios film releases.[422][423]

Marvel Studios' 2021 Disney+ Day Special (2021)

A special titled Marvel Studios' 2021 Disney+ Day Special, which looked at the future of the MCU on Disney+, was released on the service on November 12, 2021, as part of its "Disney+ Day" celebration.[424][425]

Documentary series

Marvel Studios: Legends (2021–present)

Announced in December 2020, this series examines individual heroes, villains, moments, and objects from the Marvel Cinematic Universe and how they connect, in anticipation of the upcoming stories that will feature them in Phase Four.[426][427] Marvel Studios: Legends premiered on Disney+ on January 8, 2021, with the release of the first two episodes.[426] Additional episodes were released ahead of a character and objects' appearances in Disney+ series and films.[426][428]

Marvel Studios: Assembled (2021–present)

Announced in February 2021, each special of the documentary series goes behind the scenes of the making of the MCU films and television series with cast members and additional creatives. Marvel Studios: Assembled premiered on Disney+ on March 12, 2021, with the release of the first special, followed by additional specials.[429]

Voices Rising: The Music of Wakanda Forever (2023)

Voices Rising: The Music of Wakanda Forever is a three-part documentary series detailing the creation process of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever's soundtrack. It premiered on Disney+ on February 28, 2023.[430] The documentary series was originally scheduled to be removed from Disney+ on May 26, 2023, as part of Disney's efforts to reduce content costs, but ultimately was decided to remain on the service at that time.[431]

MPower (2023)

In June 2021, Marvel Studios released a casting call for fans of "Marvel's strong women" to be a part of an unscripted Disney+ documentary series showcasing the women who create the MCU in front of and behind the camera, including actors and creatives, and the fans who applied to participate in the series.[432] The series was titled MPower by February 2023 and premiered in its entirety on March 8, 2023,[433] consisting of four episodes titled "The Women of Black Panther", "Captain Marvel", "Scarlet Witch", and "Gamora",[434] which were directed by Quinn Wilson and used archival footage and animation.[434][435] Its release coincided with International Women's Day.[436] A number of MCU actresses were interviewed to discuss what makes their characters compelling to audiences, including Danai Gurira, Lupita Nyong'o, Florence Kasumba, and Letitia Wright; Brie Larson, Iman Vellani, and Teyonah Parris; Elizabeth Olsen, Kathryn Hahn, and Kat Dennings; and Zoë Saldaña,[434] who executive produced the series alongside Victoria Alonso. Saldaña said the series was a tribute to the representation and empowerment of women with the intent to "ignite meaningful conversations and drive real change towards a more equal and inclusive world."[434][437][435] Other creatives who were interviewed for episodes include Marvel Studios executive Trinh Tran, Black Panther costume designer Ruth E. Carter, production designer Hannah Beachler, and editor Debbie Berman.[438] The documentary series was originally scheduled to be removed from Disney+ on May 26, 2023, as part of Disney's efforts to reduce content costs, but ultimately was decided to remain on the service at that time.[431] The series was produced by Herzog & Co., Saldaña's production company Cinestar Pictures, and Just Entertainment.[435][437]

Aaron Perine at ComicBook.com believed that the series would have "something for all fans to enjoy" with each character's entry because of the fan appreciation,[434] while BJ Conagelo of /Film stated it was "fantastic to see a thoughtful and in-depth spotlight" of the work by diverse groups of women in the MCU, and found it was "equally as impressive" how much the series analyzed their impact as a "sincere assessment" of the importance of the stories beyond gender representation.[438] Philip Watson at CGMagazine said that while the series seemed focused on "add[ing] depth" to the backstories of the females behind Marvel, a secondary focus was to honor the title and empower women, quoting Kasumba: "You could watch it and think 'people that look like me, we can be Super Heroes too'".[439] Kai Young of Screen Rant felt that the series' exclusion of an episode focused on Scarlett Johansson's MCU character Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow was another "insult against" the character as she was "pivotal to the MCU", and had wanted such an episode to focus on developing Romanoff as an individual beyond her relationships with male characters and alongside her family.[436]

Literary material

In September 2015, Marvel announced the Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, named as a nod to the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Each guidebook is compiled by Mike O'Sullivan and the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe team, with cover art from Mike del Mundo and Pascal Campion, and features facts about the MCU films, film-to-comic comparisons, and production stills. The guidebooks released each month from October 2015 to January 2016 were Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Iron Man, Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Incredible Hulk / Marvel's Iron Man 2,[440] Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Thor,[441] and Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Captain America: The First Avenger.[442]

In November 2018, Marvel and Titan Publishing Group released Marvel Studios: The First Ten Years to celebrate the first ten years of the Marvel Cinematic Universe which featured cast interviews, in-depth sections on each film, and an Easter egg guide.[443] In October 2021, a two-volume book The Story of Marvel Studios: The Making of the Marvel Cinematic Universe was released, written by Tara Bennett and Paul Terry. This collection features a look at the evolution of Marvel Studios, personal stories from the 23-film "Infinity Saga", and interviews with cast and crew members.[444]

In April 2023, W. W. Norton & Company announced MCU: The Reign of Marvel Studios by Joanna Robinson, Dave Gonzales, and Gavin Edwards,[445] for release on October 10, 2023.[446] The book presents an unauthorized look at "the rise and uncertain reign of the MCU, analyzing Marvel Studios' place as a major player in Hollywood and global pop culture" from Marvel Studios' inception, through events in early 2023, conducted through numerous interviews with those closely associated with the MCU. Norton approached the writers to work on a book centered on the MCU in 2019. Robinson explained that the book was originally meant to be an oral history, until Disney was no longer enthused about the book's publication despite initially being open to it, and told current employees and former stars not to talk to the writers. The writers were able to supplement the interviews they were able to get with those from "cultural critics and comics experts" in addition to years of research. Robinson added that because of the long work put into the book, it was able to cover the studio's expansion to television on Disney+, as well as "this current state of what I like to call a 'wobble' in Marvel's long reign", and provide "a lot of answers about how we got here". Additionally, the book was not deterred by the then-recent firings of Alonso and Marvel Entertainment CEO Ike Perlmutter, needing only "a few cosmetic tweaks to weave the whole story together" with Robinson explaining those firings "actually reinforced our sense that we really had captured the story of Marvel in both its triumphs and its stumbling blocks".[445] Robinson was able to interview many of the subjects while Gonazles did the majority of the book's research, with Edwards compiling it all to give the book a "flow".[446]

In February 2024, Abrams Books announced Marvel Studios: The Art of Ryan Meinerding, written by Bennett and Terry. The book includes over 500 of Meinerding's illustrations, from work-in-progress to completed pieces, along with interview material where Meinerding discusses his process and working in Marvel Studios' visual development department. It will be released on October 1, 2024.[447]

Video game tie-ins

A Mini Marvel

In February 2016, a commercial for Coca-Cola mini cans aired during Super Bowl 50. A Mini Marvel was created by Wieden+Kennedy for Coca-Cola through a partnership with Marvel, and was directed by the Russo brothers.[472][473] In the ad, Ant-Man (voiced by Paul Rudd, reprising his role) and the Hulk first fight, and then bond, over a Coke mini can.[472] Luma Pictures provided visual effects for the spot, having worked previously with the two characters in MCU films. For the Hulk, Luma redefined its previous muscular system and simulation process to create and render the character, while Ant-Man received new motion capture.[473] The Super Bowl campaign extended to "limited-edition Coke mini cans [six packs] that are emblazoned with images of Marvel characters, including Hulk, Ant-Man, Black Widow, [Falcon, Iron Man] and Captain America." Consumers had the opportunity to purchase the cans by finding hidden clues in the commercial, though "if the program goes well, Coke will consider making the cans available in stores."[472] The ad had the third most social media activity of all the film-related trailers that aired during the game,[474] and was nominated for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Commercial at the 15th Visual Effects Society Awards.[475]

The Good, the Bart, and the Loki

In June 2021, The Simpsons short film The Good, the Bart, and the Loki was announced, which released alongside "Journey into Mystery", the fifth episode of Loki on Disney+. The short sees Loki teaming up with Bart Simpson in a crossover that pays homage to the heroes and villains of the MCU. Hiddleston reprises his role as Loki in the short.[476]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Deadpool & Wolverine takes place on Earth-10005 and in the Void;[165][166] it occurs after the events of Loki season 2.[166][167]

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Further reading

External links